background: primary dysmenorrhea refers to the occurrence of painful menstrual cramps of uterus and is considered as a gynecological complaint. the common treatment for this problem is medical therapy such as mefenamic acid [non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (nsaids)] and oral contraceptive pills, both of which work by reducing myometrial activity. fennel contains an antispasmodic and aneth...

.......................................................................................................................1

In the treatment of superficial lesions with 8-13 MeV electrons, lead shields are often used to protect the underlying tissue. Measurements were made with film and ion chamber to analyse various aspects of external and internal shielding in electron beam therapy. Data were obtained on the thickness of lead required for shielding, the effect of blocking on dose-rate, electron-backscattering from...