Typhoid fever is a systemic disease caused by the human specific Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). The extra-intestinal infections caused by Salmonella are very fatal. The incidence of typhoid fever remains very high in impoverished areas and the emergence of multidrug resistance has made the situation worse. To combat and to reduce the morbidity and mortality...

BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine whether the gender of patients and physicians is a significant factor in deciding which older adults are offered preventive care. METHODS A survey of medical records of ambulatory patients older than 60 years was performed in the practices of 210 physicians. Documentation of influenza vaccine, rectal examination, fecal occult blood test, Papan...

The ESX systems from Mycobacterium tuberculosis are responsible for the secretion of highly immunogenic proteins of key importance for bacterial survival and growth. The two prototypic proteins, ESAT-6 (EsxA from ESX-1) and TB10.4 (EsxH from ESX-3) share a lot of characteristics regarding genome organization, size, antigenic properties, and vaccine potential but the two molecules clearly have v...

has concentrated heavily on virology, while immunology and vaccines commanded the attention that you might expect for, say, the Oscar for best animated short film. But the first day of this year’s CROI offered two parallel morning sessions on virology and immunology and, surprisingly, it was the latter session that was standing room only. In a similar shift, vaccines commanded a special symposi...

This investigation explored commonalities and differences in barriers and motivators to HIV vaccine trial participation and acceptability of future U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV vaccines in order to identify implications of clinical trials for future HIV vaccine dissemination. Fifteen focus groups were conducted with 157 predominately ethnic minority and low income partic...

While most Canadian parents ensure that their children are immunized on time, some are hesitant about vaccination, delay vaccinations or outright refuse recommended vaccines. This practice point offers clinicians evidencebased guidance on how to work with vaccine-hesitant parents, especially those with safety concerns. Suggested steps include: understanding the specific parental vaccine concern...

Stability studies play a critical role in assuring product quality at all points in the vaccine life cycle. These studies used to determine vaccine expiry date and vaccine efficacy. Accelerated stability and long term stability study performed for three batches of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) and three batches of monovalent OPV (type1) manufactured by Razi institute. After samplin...

Vaccination—preparing or harnessing the power of the human immune system to prevent infectious diseases—is one of the most impactful developments in the history of public health. In more than two centuries of clinical use, vaccines have been responsible for preserving the health and preventing the deaths of millions of children and adults annually. There are several examples in which the widesp...

A preventive vaccine is a substance introduced into the human body that teaches the immune system to detect and destroy a pathogen—which is a particular virus, bacterium or parasite that causes a preventable disease. All vaccines contain some harmless form or part of the pathogen they target. They exert their effects through the adaptive immune response, an arm of the immune system that learns ...

The discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a necessary etiological factor for cervical cancer has spurred the development of preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines for the control of HPV-associated malignancies including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and a subset of head and neck cancers. The commercial preventive HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, use HPV virus-like particles to generate n...