A critically important challenge in empirical population genetics is distinguishing neutral nonequilibrium processes from selective forces that produce similar patterns of variation. We here examine the extent to which linkage disequilibrium (i.e., nonrandom associations between markers) improves this discrimination. We show that patterns of linkage disequilibrium recently proposed to be unique...

This work is a study of neutrality in the context of Evolutionary Computation systems. In particular, we introduce the use of explicit neutrality with an integer string coding scheme to allow neutrality to be measured during evolution. We tested this method on a Boolean benchmark problem. The experimental results indicate that there is a positive relationship between neutrality and evolvability...

We discuss network neutrality regulation of the Internet in the context of a two-sided market model. Platforms sell broadband Internet access services to residential consumers and may set fees to content and application providers on the Internet. When access is monopolized, cross-group externalities (network effects) can give a rationale for network neutrality regulation (requiring zero fees to...

Network neutrality has been at the center of US telecommunications policy for several years, culminating in a recent FCC order imposing a limited form of net neutrality on US broadband Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The regulatory imposition of nondiscrimination and price regulation (the core of net neutrality) on ISPs has been hotly debated. In this paper, I review the recent economics lit...

I use data from the 1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey as well as other sources to measure the distributional impact of green tax reforms and consumption tax reforms using both annual income and lifetime income approaches to rank households. A modest tax reform in which environmental taxes equal to 10% of federal receipts are collected has a negligible impact on the income distribution when the f...

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We consider the possible formation of the quark hadron mixed phase in protoneutron stars. We discuss two cases: the first one, corresponding to a vanishingly small value of the surface tension of quark matter, is the well known mixed phase in which the global electric charge neutrality condition is imposed. In turn, this produces a non-constant pressure mixed phase. In the second case, correspo...

German and French abstracts see p. 49 & 50 Background: Whose interests should a hospital clinical ethics committee (CEC) serve? This is a particularly important question in conflicts regarding life and death decisions. This question has been raised in Norway by clinicians, politicians and lay people. Method: A retrospective evaluation of six high conflict cases discussed in CECs, all dealing wi...

A free and easy to use distributed monitoring and measurement platform would be valuable in several applications: monitoring network or server infrastructures, performing research experiments using many ISPs and test nodes, or checking for network neutrality violations performed by service providers. In this paper we present MOR, a technique for performing distributed measurement and monitoring...