The terrestrial embryos of many amphibians obtain water in two ways; in a liquid phase from the substrate on which eggs are deposited, and in a vapour phase from the surrounding atmosphere. We tested whether the mode of water flux (liquid or vapour) affected the morphology and metabolic traits of the terrestrial Victorian smooth froglet (Geocrinia victoriana) embryos by incubating eggs both wit...

A dynamic mathematical model of a multiple effect evaporator has been developed for a digital computer using the IBM Continuous Systems Modelling Program. The model will be incorporated in an overall simulation of a cane sugar factory. The mathematical model was derived from material and energy balance equations assuming that (i) the liquid phase is perfectly mixed; (ii) the vapour phase is alw...

Vapour-liquid-solid route and its variants are routinely used for scalable synthesis of semiconducting nanowires, yet the fundamental growth processes remain unknown. Here we employ atomic-scale computations based on model potentials to study the stability and growth of gold-catalysed silicon nanowires. Equilibrium studies uncover segregation at the solid-like surface of the catalyst particle, ...

A ®rst step towards the development of a general, realistic potential model for per ̄uoroether compounds has been to parameterize a united atom model for a short chain per ̄uoroether per ̄uoromethylpropyl ether (CF3CF2CF2OCF3). The potential model takes the usual form in which separate bond bending and torsional terms describe the intramolecular interactions with the addition of van der Waals and ...

A selection of models for estimating vapour pressures have been tested against experimental data for a set of compounds selected for their particular relevance to the formation of atmospheric aerosol by gas-liquid partitioning. The experimental vapour pressure data (all <100 Pa) of 45 multifunctional compounds provide a stringent test of the estimation techniques, with a recent complex group co...

In this work, the use of heteroazeotropic distillation for separation of thermally instable substances is discussed. A new process has been developed and analysed, which makes use of the fact that the boiling temperature of a heteroazeotrope is always lower that that of its constituents. Three phase distillation is characterised by the fact that two liquid phases and a vapour phase coexist in t...

A short-cut model is developed for the predictive simulation of a three-phase distillation process in packed towers. The model is taking into account the mass transfer resistance between the vapour phase and both liquid phases, whereas equilibrium is assumed between the two liquid phases. The development of the model was strongly connected with a systematic experimental investigation study of t...