Background: Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS) is a rare clinic-radiological condition. The clinical characteristics of this syndrome are headache, seizures, visual disturbances, confusion, and changes in mental status and focal neurological signs. The radiological characteristic of RPLS is bilateral symmetrical reversible vasogenic edema in the grey and white matter of th...

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon of various cerebral gray matter structures that only occurs under pathological conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the evidence from several decades of research that SD and cytotoxic edema in these structures are largely overlapping terms. SD/cytotoxic edema is a toxic state that - albeit initially reversible - leads eventually to cellula...

In the present study, we addressed the question of whether treatment with mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, affects astrogliovascular responses to status epilepticus (SE). In saline-treated animals, astrocytes exhibited reactive astrogliosis in the CA1-3 regions 2-4 days after SE. In the mannitol-treated animals, a large astroglial empty zone was observed in the CA1 region 2 days after SE. This as...

Nocardia species are aerobic, gram positive filamentous branching bacteria that have the potential to cause localized or disseminated infection. Nocardiosis is a rare disease that usually affects immunocompromised patients and presents as either pulmonary, cutaneous or disseminated nocardiosis. Forty-two year-old hispanic male presented to our care with bilateral lower extremity weakness, front...

A. Pirker L. Kramer B. Voller B. Loader E. Auff D. Prayer SUMMARY: PRES is a clinicoradiologic entity, combining seizures, blindness, and coma with MR imaging findings of predominantly vasogenic and occasional cytotoxic edema. In this clinical report, we determined the type of edema by using DWI and FLAIR sequences on MR imaging as well as ADC maps in 28 patients with PRES. The neuradiologic fi...

PRES is a clinicoradiologic entity, combining seizures, blindness, and coma with MR imaging findings of predominantly vasogenic and occasional cytotoxic edema. In this clinical report, we determined the type of edema by using DWI and FLAIR sequences on MR imaging as well as ADC maps in 28 patients with PRES. The neuradiologic findings were correlated with levels of serum albumin, which is a mai...

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful to distinguish vasogenic and cytotoxic edema due to cerebovascular diseases. Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage may cause cerebral edema by venous congestion. We report herein the course of ADC values of cerebral edema before and after endovascular treatmen...

Hypertensive encephalopathy rarely presented with widespread edema in the cerebral white matters, deep structures and whole brainstem. A 80-year-old woman manifested as high arterial blood pressure, visual disturbance, severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging showed high signal-intensity lesions in the cerebral white m...

Recent evidence has suggested that neuropeptides, and in particular substance P (SP), may play a critical role in the development of morphological injury and functional deficits following acute insults to the brain. Few studies, however, have examined the role of SP, and more generally, neurogenic inflammation, in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury and stroke. Those studies that have...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Failure of treatment for high-grade gliomas is usually due to local recurrence at the site of surgical resection indicating that a more aggressive form of local therapy such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be of benefit. The increase in brain edema following PDT using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers was compared in terms of animal survival, MR imaging, and...