Chrono::Vehicle is a module of the open-source multi-physics simulation package Chrono, aimed at modeling, simulation, and visualization of wheeled and tracked ground vehicle multibody systems. Its software architecture and design was dictated by the desire to provide an expeditious and user-friendly mechanism for assembling complex vehicle models, while leveraging the underlying Chrono modelin...

Role of self assembled structures as a vehicle is significant over the years. Their applications have been found for all routes of drug delivery. These micro and nano structures are containers loaded with drugs, ideal for targeted and sustained release of the drug. Drug efficacy depends on the drug loaded into the vehicle, temperature, drug solubility, pH, release characteristics, additives and...

As the light vehicle fleet moves to electric drive (hybrid, battery, and fuel cell vehicles), an opportunity opens for “vehicle-to-grid” (V2G) power. This article defines the three vehicle types that can produce V2G power, and the power markets they can sell into. V2G only makes sense if the vehicle and power market are matched. For example, V2G appears to be unsuitable for baseload power—the c...

Factors affecting vehicle occupancy measurement were examined with the aim of improving state vehicle occupancy monitoring programs. A comparison was conducted of five data sets looking at the effects on average vehicle occupancy (AVO) of time of day, day of week, road types, HOV lanes, locational differences, and traffic volume. It was found that AVO was higher in the afternoons, on Saturdays,...

Computerized data from the Wisconsin Office of Health Care Information (OHCI) was utilized to evaluate the epidemiology of vehicle associated injuries treated in acute care Wisconsin hospitals in 1997. There were 6043 vehicle associated injuries which required hospitalization in Wisconsin in 1997, a rate of 141 per 100,000 males and 91 per 100,000 females. Seventy-eight percent of these were mo...

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) in trees is a restriction of the general vehicle routing problem in which the underlying graph is a tree. In this paper, we introduce several NP-complete variants of the problem (e.g., common-source, common-destinations, in-place, flexiblerequests, and bring-it-back), and we present five fast approximation algorithms for these variants. We mainly focus on the 2...

Appearance-based methods represent a promising research direction to the problem of vehicle detection. These methods learn the characteristics of the vehicle class from a set of training images which capture the variability in vehicle appearance. First, training images are represented by a set of features. Then, the decision boundary between the vehicle and non-vehicle classes is computed by mo...

Transportation in economic systems such as services, production and distribution enjoys a special and important position and provides a significant portion of the country's gross domestic product. Improvements in transportation system mean improvements in the traveling routes and the elimination of unnecessary distances in any system. The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is one of the practical co...

New electrified vehicle concepts are about to enter the market in Europe. The expected gains in environmental performance for these new vehicle types are associated with higher technology costs. In parallel, the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrids is continuously improved, which in turn advances their environmental performance but also leads to additional technolo...

We examined the effects of adrenomedullin on cardiac oxidative stress and collagen accumulation in aldosterone-dependent malignant hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with one of the following combinations for 4 weeks: tap water and vehicle [0.5% ethanol, subcutaneously (s.c.), n = 5], 1% NaCl in drinking water and vehicle (n = 8), 1% NaCl and aldosterone (0.7...