There are structures A which can be described up to isomorphism by a single sentence φ (in some logic), that is, B |= φ ⇐⇒ B ∼= A for all B. If the structure A is finite, then φ can be taken as a first-order sentence. We want to have φ as succinct as possible. (Therefore, a sentence ψ in some non-first-order logic could be a better choice.) 1 Atomic Complexity of structures Let A = 〈A,S〉 be a s...

background and purpose: a 3-unit course is dedicated to general language in medical universities and the vocabulary and text structure of the courses have usually no relation to medical language. we examine whether teaching general language will be as effective as medical language as assessed through recall of general and medical vocabulary and text structure knowledge. methods: an experimental...

The current study is an attempt to investigate the particular role learners' vocabulary knowledge plays in their reading comprehension performance. It intends to determine whether breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge are related to EFL learners' reading comprehension, and to investigate which one of these variables, that is, depth or breadth of vocabulary knowledge, makes a more important ...

In this paper we study the semantic data complexity of several controlled fragments of English designed for natural language front-ends to OWL (Web Ontology Language) and description logic ontology-based systems. Controlled languages are fragments of natural languages, obtained by restricting natural language syntax, vocabulary and semantics with the goal of eliminating ambiguity. Semantic comp...

this study was designed to find which one of the three different presentations, i.e. input, input-output, and output-input, will be more effective in iranian efl learners' vocabulary acquisitions. to this end, first 54 out of 64 female students, aged from 19 to 23 years, with an average of 21, were selected out of starter-level efl learners at the university of tarbiat moalem in bandar abb...

Speech syntesizer is a system that aim at carrying the text to an acoustic surroundings understandably and naturally. Similarly voiced expression recogniser is a system that aim at transforming the voice in acoustic surroundings to tha text by computer. The researchs about voiced expression recogniser have materialized highly in English Gramer. İn last years, it makes essential using new materi...

This paper establishes new relationships between existing qualitative spatial and temporal representations. Qualitative spatial and temporal representation (QSTR) is concerned with abstractions of infinite spatial and temporal domains, which represent configurations of objects using a finite vocabulary of relations, also called a qualitative calculus. Classically, reasoning in QSTR is based on ...

This paper presents results from a number of exible vocabulary recognition experiments on the Norwegian SpeechDat(II) database. A common phoneme-based recogniser design procedure is tested on ve di erent tasks, and for ve di erent training sets. Results verify that reasonably accurate recognisers can be built with the database, using standard HMM techniques. They also quantify the importance of...