Introduction The Department of Public Health and Planning in the Midland Health Board (MHB) was notified of nine confirmed and two suspected cases of cryptosporidiosis on the 3 June 2004. All of the cases were on the same water supply that services approximately 25,000 people. This supply had been the source of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in April/May 2002. As a result of the 2002 outbreak...

Water is an essential resource for the well-being of humans as well ecosystems. In this regard, increasing water scarcity areas has become one major problems faced by humanity. Malaysia, Selangor considered a water-stressed area due to increase in demand and limited suitable fresh resources treatment distribution. The population urbanization industrialization made rivers arguably most polluted ...

Iran is among the world’s arid and semi-arid regions and its demand for water has been increased due topopulation growth, urbanization and the development the economic sectors (industrial and agricultural). Inmany of these regions, the lack of planning and the unauthorized use of resources have led to excessiveexploitation and a lower level of groundwater. The usable groundwater for the country...

This paper presents an optimization model to simulate short-term pair-wise spot-market trading of surface water abstraction licenses (water rights). The approach uses a node-arc multicommodity formulation that tracks individual supplier-receiver transactions in a water resource network. This enables accounting for transaction costs between individual buyer-seller pairs and abstractor-specific r...

The value that domestic users attribute to reliability of water supply and to the quality of this water is a function of several determinants, such as the source of water, the socioeconomic characteristics of households (per capita income, level of education, etc.), and other variables. Users that have private tap water at home may value less improved availability or more reliable source than h...

Socioeconomic drought broadly refers to conditions whereby the water supply cannot satisfy the demand. Most previous studies describe droughts based on large-scale meteorological/hydrologic conditions, ignoring the demand and local resilience to cope with climate variability. Reservoirs provide resilience against climatic extremes and play a key role in water supply and demand management. Here ...

A safe, reliable, affordable, and easily accessible water supply is essential for good health. Yet, for several decades, about a billion people in developing countries have not had a safe and sustainable water supply. It has been estimated that a minimum of 7.5 litres of water per person per day is required in the home for drinking, preparing food, and personal hygiene, the most basic requireme...