be from pipe and connection breaks rather than structural failure of distribution reservoirs (as long as the reservoirs have been designed for lateral loading). Most of the examples of storage tanks and distribution reservoirs impacted by the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquakes appear to have been of steel construction rather than of reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete ...

 In order to investigate the effects of artificial substrates (vertical surface of polypropylene fabrics) on cultured shrimp, we reared 28-day old Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae (PL28) intensively for 90 days at a density of 510 shrimp/m2 in each of 8 tanks. Two tanks containing no artificial substrate were a control group, and 1, 3 and 5 artificial substrates were present in other 6 tanks. T...

Valves are usually used in conjunction with large water-tower storage structures. Large pipes carry water from the storage tower to the flush gutter. Valves are used at appropriate locations in the pipeline to control flush water flow to individual gutters. Figure 1 is a schematic layout of a flush system using storage towers, pipelines and valves to flush several gutters. Use of multiple, inte...

General process consists of a number of loops that may be of interactive or non interactive types. A Single Input Single Output includes less complex interactive loops when compared with Multi Input Multi Output processes. In this work a multiloop interactive process known to be an Octal Tank Process (OTP) with 8 tanks is considered that are placed one above another. The input voltages are fed ...

Electronic equipment allows fishes, by their spatial movements, to regulate the temperature in experimental tanks. Swimming into warmer water causes the temperature of the entire tank to increase; conversely, swimming into cooler water causes the temperature to decrease. The technique may be adapted for studying simultaneous behavioral regulation of temperature and nonthermal factors.

Standard postharvest unit operations that rely on copious water contact, such as fruit unloading and washing, approach the criteria for a true critical control point in fresh tomato production. Performance data for approved sanitizers that reflect commercial systems are needed to set standards for audit compliance. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) ...

Most existing chlorine contact tanks suffer from serious drawbacks of dead spaces, short circuiting, and solids accumulations that subsequently putrefy and exert undue chlorine demand. Hydraulic model studies of chlorine contact tanks indicate that air agitated, baffled contact units have better flow characteristics than just baffled units or air agitated contact tanks without baffles. Air agit...

Urban water services in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are currently provided through conventional centralised systems, involving large scale water distribution, wastewater collection, water and wastewater treatment. A study was conducted to assist Environment ACT in setting broad policies for future water services in Canberra. This paper presents the outcomes of a study examining the e...

Background Mono-specific aquaculture effluents contain high concentrations of nutrients and organic matter, which affect negatively the water quality of the recipient ecosystems. A fundamental feature of water quality is its transparency. The fraction of dissolved organic matter that absorbs light is named chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). A sustainable alternative to mono-specific ...

Larval habitats of Armigeres subalbatus were delineated in urban and rural areas of Pondicherry. Survey of various potential mosquito breeding habitats revealed that septic tanks were the typical breeding habitat in both areas and the proportion was significantly higher in urban areas. The productive status of septic tanks differed in different months and the overall proportion breeding Ar. sub...