Pesticides play an important role in agriculture to control or eliminate weeds, pests, insects and plant disease. Due their wide usage past years, pesticides are known as environmental pollutants. They can contaminate water, soil, biota air. The objective of this study is determine the occurrence distribution Hexachlorohexanes (HCH) isomers soil samples. HCH measured samples collected from nine...

Imidacloprid is a widely used pesticide in agriculture for controlling sucking insect pests, as a seed dressing, for soil treatment and as a foliar treatment in a variety of crops and orchards. Imidacloprid undergoes extensive metabolism in plants and forms monohydroxy imidacloprid, imidacloprid guanidine, imidacloprid olefin and a monoglucoside of 6-chloropicolyl alcohol. The majority of toxic...

Synthetic chemicals are used to protect crops and agricultural products, thereby producing high yields. However, intensive use of these synthetic significantly affects the environment sustainable agriculture production. Moreover, direct or indirect exposure may cause acute chronic toxicity in humans animals. Due their biodegradability, low toxicity, being environmentally friendly, secondary met...

Introduction Since the seventies, many horticultural crops heavily relied on methyl bromide (MB) to control soilborne pests, diseases and weeds in Italy. As one of the major consumer of MB, after its inclusion among substances that deplete the ozone layer, Italy was forced to invest many resources in the development and implementation of alternative strategies for soil disinfestation. Such acti...

an experiment was conducted in bandar kyashahr research field in 2002 to evaluate the effects of plant density and planting pattern on weed populations and yield of peanut (arachis hypogaea l.). the experiment was of a randomized complete block design with three replications. a factorial trial with two factors of planting pattern (square and rectangular arrangements) and plant density (3, 5.3, ...

this experiment was conducted to determine the effect of competition between common weed in chickpea’s form in kermanshah and chickpea (cicer arietinum). it was carried out in sararood experimental station in kermanshah province in 2000. split plot factorial was considered as an experimental design that had four replications. the weeding was main factor with two different levels (whole season w...

Weeds in coffee crops have diverse ecosystem services, such as sheltering and feeding natural enemies of pest insects. This study aimed to identify the potential weeds food refuge for shaded sun crops. were sampled a 100 m transect installed each type crop. Malaise traps sweep-nets both used capture insects every 15 days five months. After identifying dominant weeds, observations direct recolle...