In general the treatment of any painful condition is the treatment of its cause. But sometimes this is not possible, either because the underlying pathological process cannot be influenced favourably, or because its nature is not known while the pain itself cannot be relieved by medical treatment. Examples of the first subgroup are seen when nerve trunks are involved by malignant disease, by po...

This paper analyses the role of outsourcing of trucks in the famine in Ethiopia in 2000. Using a Delphi approach, it takes the opinion of experts in humanitarian aid logistics to assess the potential benefits of outsourcing of the main mode of transport used in developing countries for distributing aid. A detailed review of the literature in outsourcing of trucking and its application to humani...

Morphine is an agonist of the µ and k receptors, whose activation results in analgesia. Morphine-like agonists act through the µ opioid receptors to cause pain relief, sedation, euphoria and respiratory depression. Morphine is glucuronidated and sulfated at positions 3 and 6; the plasma concentration ratios correlate positively with birth weight, which probably reflects increased liver weight w...

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect hedonic hunger on nutritional change processes and its relationship with BMI in university students.
 Methods: A questionnaire consisting sociodemographic characteristics, questions about eating habits, Power Food Scale (PFS) Nutrition Change Processes (NPCS) were applied 1003 undergraduate Results: Majority students female normal ...

BACKGROUND Proximal femur fractures are one of the most common injuries necessitating operative treatment. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate and compare the possible effects of the preoperative application of a skin traction device, with or without weights, on pain relief in patients with acute proximal femur fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 108 pre-operativ...

BACKGROUND There are indications that marijuana is increasingly used to alleviate symptoms and for the treatment of a variety of medical conditions both physical and psychological. The purpose of this study was to describe the health concerns and problems that prompt some adolescents to use marijuana for therapeutic reasons, and their beliefs about the risks and benefits of the therapeutic use ...

Pain relief by touch has been studied for decades in pain neuroscience. Human perceptual studies revealed analgesic effects of segmental tactile stimulation, as compared to extrasegmental touch. However, the spatial organisation of touch-pain interactions within a single human dermatome has not been investigated yet. In 2 experiments we tested whether, how, and where within a dermatome touch mo...

Pain in degenerative bone and joint disease is usually attributed to sensitized nociceptors in inflamed periarticular soft tissues. Here we draw attention to the potential contribution of intrinsic bone innervation. The structure and innervation of articular bone ends is analogous to that of teeth. Although some dental pain derives from inflamed periodontal soft tissue, a more important source ...

abstract in this paper, markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in iran from 2005 to 2009. results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion rials**. with 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion rials. ...