The Land Transformation Model (LTM), which as been developed to forecast urban use changes in a grid-based geographic information system, was used to explore the consequences of future urban changes to the years 2020 and 2040 using non urban sprawl and urban sprawl trends. The model was executed over a large area containing nine of the major coastal watersheds of eastern Lake Michigan. We found...

Manganese is a naturally occurring element that constitutes approximately 0.1% of the earth's crust, and low levels of Mn in water, food, and air are ubiquitous. In certain geo-logic regions, long contact times between ground water and bedrock enriched in Mn can lead to locally high levels in the water [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2004]. Mn is an essential nutrient, and ingestion...

When regular steam ferry service between Brooklyn and Manhattan began in 1814, the first commuter suburb became possible. 1 Suburbs continued to develop slowly but steadily during the 19th and early 20th centuries, thanks to transportation advances such as commuter trains and streetcars, the innovations of early real estate developers, and the urge to live in pastoral tranquility rather than in...

Urban sprawl in Latin America is described as one of the major problems ‘the growth machine’. As a reaction, most planning policies are based on anti-sprawl narratives, while practice, urban has been thoroughly consolidated by all tiers government. In this paper – and using capital city Chile, Santiago, case study we challenge these politics light emerging environmental values associated meanin...