I will describe a functor A 7→ W (A) from the category of commutative rings to itself. The ring W (A) of ‘Witt vectors’ over A has many applications (to algebraic geometry, local rings, etc.), but I won’t discuss those. Convention: rings have 1’s that are respected by ring homomorphisms. By A I will always denote a commutative ring. The literature on the functor W is in a somewhat unsatisfactor...