The zonal structure and dynamics of the dipolar patterns of intraseasonal variability in the extratropical atmosphere—namely, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the so-called annular modes of variability—are investigated in an idealized general circulation model. Particular attention is focused on the relationships linking the zonal structure of the stationary waves, synoptic variability ...

The climatological large-scale patterns of diurnal and semidiurnal near-surface wind variations over the tropical Pacific Ocean are documented using 3 yr of hourly measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean moored buoy array. Semidiurnal variations account for 68% of the mean daily variance of the zonal wind component, while diurnal variations account for 82% of the mean daily variance of ...

FIG. 1. EOF of the zonal-mean surface pressure in the CKV model (solid), zonal mean of the nonzonally averaged surface pressure in the CKV model (dashed), and zonal mean of the sector EOF shown in CKV’s Fig. 11a (dotted–dashed). We thank Dr. Robinson for his comments (Robinson 2004). Robinson argues that the results of Cash et al. (2002, hereafter CKV) are not inconsistent with the presence of ...

Understanding how changes in fluvial and marginal marine architecture correlate with shifts in marine shoreface architecture is a crucial step to understanding the effect of relative sea level changes on terrestrial sedimentary systems. Three measured sections (each >230 m), 2367 paleocurrent measurements, and examinations of lateral facies relationships were made over 3 km of continuous outcro...

In this article, additional discussions on the nonlinear entropy transfer between turbulence and zonal flows are given for the isotope ion mass effects on the trapped-electron-mode (TEM) driven turbulent transport shown in Ref. 1. Spectral analyses with the triad entropy transfer function reveal that the case with heavier isotope ions indicates a relatively smaller negative transfer (from zonal...

OBJECTIVE To examine whether a program to increase the wearing of seat belts in a South African urban area would be worthwhile in societal terms. DESIGN A cost benefit analysis of a one year enhanced seat belt enforcement program in eThekwini (Durban) Municipality. METHODS Data were drawn from two main sources--a 1998 study of the cost of road crashes in South Africa and, given the absence ...

This paper describes a quasi-3D Bayesian inversion of oceanographic tracer data from the South Atlantic Ocean. Initially, one active neutral-density layer is considered with an upper and lower boundary. The available hydrographic data are linked to model parameters (water velocities, diffusion coefficients) via a 3D advection–diffusion equation. A robust solution to the inverse problem can be o...

We have analyzed the temperature retrievals from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) nadir spectra to yield latitude-height resolved maps of various atmospheric forced wave modes as a function of season for a full Mars year. Among the isolated wave modes is the zonal mean, time mean temperature, which we used to derive zonal mean zonal winds and stationary wave quasi-...

Young children are required to use child safety seats, and the age threshold at which children can legally graduate to seat belts has steadily increased. This article tests the relative effectiveness of child safety seats, lap-and-shoulder seat belts, and lap belts in preventing injuries among motor vehicle passengers aged 2–6 yr. We analyze three large, representative samples of crashes report...

Results obtained in mapping algal belts in the Orbetello Lagoons are described using Daedalus/ MIVIS hyperspectral scanner aerial images. MIVIS has a spectral coverage in the Visible, Near-IR, Mid-IR and Thermal-IR regions, with 102 channels. The objective of the work is a procedure for the algal species recognition, using methods of spectral data analysis. The 1± 2 m deep brackish, shallow wat...