The response to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) in Staphylococcus aureus relies on a two-component system (TCS), GraSR, an auxiliary protein GraX and an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, VraF/G. To understand the signal transduction mechanism by GraSR, we investigated the kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of histidine kinase GraS and the interaction with its cognate respon...

The GRAS protein family is illustrious. The GRAS domain is plant specific, named for the first three proteins found to contain it: GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI), REPRESSOR of GAI, and SCARECROW. In addition to these foundingmembers,which function in gibberellin signaling and root patterning, the GRAS family includes DELLA proteins—important in gibberellin, jasmonate, and light signaling—as...

Résumé Les gras trans sont indésirables, car ils augmentent la concentration sanguine en cholestérol à lipoprotéines de faible densité et abaissent celle en cholestérol à lipoprotéines de haute densité, ce qui peut mener à un risque accru de coronaropathie. Au milieu des années 1990, les chercheurs ont estimé quʹau sein de la population canadienne les apports en gras trans comptaient au nombre ...

The debate over foie gras has been marked by much emotion. Opponents of foie gras refer mainly to personal feelings and observations rather than from experimental approaches. Opponents generally assert that the “cruelty” is quite obvious and there is, therefore, no need for scientific investigation. In an effort to answer factually questions about the science of foie gras production on geese an...

Amendment s the FEMA Expert Panel enters its fifth decade, it continues to conduct a comprehensive program of safety evaluation of flavoring substances under the authority of Section 201(s) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a provision commonly known as the GRAS (“generally recognized as safe”) provision. Expert Panel activities primarily involve the evaluation of new flavoring subst...

The GRAS gene family is one of the most important plant-specific gene families, which encodes transcriptional regulators and plays an essential role in plant development and physiological processes. The GRAS gene family has been well characterized in many higher plants such as Arabidopsis, rice, Chinese cabbage, tomato and tobacco. In this study, we identified 38 GRAS genes in sacred lotus (Nel...

GRAS transcription factors (TFs) play critical roles in plant growth and development such as gibberellin and mycorrhizal signaling. Proteins belonging to this gene family contain a typical GRAS domain in the C-terminal sequence, whereas the N-terminal region is highly variable. Although, GRAS genes have been characterized in a number of plant species, their classification is still not completel...

Members of the GRAS gene family are important transcriptional regulators. In this study, 21 GRAS genes were identified from tobacco, and were classified into eight subgroups according to the classification of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we provide a preliminary overview of this gene family in tobacco, describing the gene structure, gene expression, protein motif organization, phylogenetic analy...

GRAS proteins play vital roles in plant growth and development. Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) was found to have a total of 48 GRAS family members (JcGRAS), 15 more than those found in Arabidopsis. The JcGRAS genes were divided into 12 subfamilies or 15 ancient monophyletic lineages based on the phylogenetic analysis of GRAS proteins from both flowering and lower plants. The functions of GRAS ...

n 1958, Congress enacted the Food Additives Amendment (FAA) to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act amid growing concern over the safety of substances added to foods. The FAA set forth standards and guidelines by which the safety of food additives must be established before they can be added to foods (FAA, 1958). The FAA contained an exclusion provided by Congress for substances “generally...