Nonylphenol (NP) has been suspected as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. Japanese polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stretch films contained 0.5-3.3 mg/g of NP and 100-400 mg/g of plasticizers such as diisononyl adipate (DINA), di-n-alkyl adipate (DAA), and diacetyllauroyl glycerol (DALG). Migration of NP and plasticizers from PVC stretch films into food simulants (water; 4% acetic acid; 20%, 50%, and 95...

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) have increasingly been applied in education and other fields. This article provides an overview of a widely used CDM, namely, the G-DINA model, demonstrates hands-on example using multiple R packages for series CDM analyses. involves step-by-step illustration explanation performing Q-matrix evaluation, calibration, model fit item diagnosticity investigation, cl...

Abstract Physical education curriculum in colleges and universities has been paid more attention turned one of the important contents curriculum. In order to make up for deficiency that traditional tests can only get a general score further optimize physical curriculum, this study selected G-DINA model according Wald statistic, analyzed textbooks, clarified cognitive attributes hierarchical rel...

Inflammatory mediators act on peripheral sensory neurons to produce pain and hypersensitivity after tissue injury. In this issue of Neuron, Dina et al. report that inflammatory mediators, such as epinephrine and prostaglandins, appear to couple to specific G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways through plastic interactions with the cytoskeleton.

This report shows that the deterministic-input noisy-AND (DINA) model is a special case of more general compensatory diagnostic models by means of a reparameterization of the skill space and the design (Q-) matrix of item by skills associations. This reparameterization produces a compensatory model that is equivalent to the (conjunctive) DINA model, and is valid for all types of complex structu...

With the proliferation of IP networking and wireless access, local exchange carriers (LEC) are under tremendous pressure to evolve into broadband service providers. On-demand video distribution to the mass appears to be one of the best evolution paths for the LEC. Various approaches for providing on-demand content/video distribution to massive viewers are compared. In particular, a novel low-co...