Clival screw and plate fixation technique is an alternative or supplement to the occipitocervical instrumentation. However, no report has clarified the applied anatomy of clivus in patients with atlas assimilation (C1A), especially for clival screw fixation. Therefore, we measured the parameters of clival lengths, widths, putative screw lengths, clival-cervical angel and foramen magnum diameter...

The PKD (protein kinase D) family are novel DAG (diacylglycerol) receptors. The twin C1 domains of PKD, designated C1a and C1b, have been shown to bind DAG or phorbol esters. However, their ligand-binding activities and selectivities have not been fully characterized. Here, binding activities of isolated C1a, C1b and intact C1a-C1b domains to DAG and phorbol esters were analysed. The isolated C...

The regulatory domain of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) contains three membrane-targeting modules, two C1 domains (C1A and C1B) that bind diacylglycerol and phorbol ester, and the C2 domain that is responsible for the Ca2+-dependent membrane binding. Accumulating evidence suggests that C1A and C2 domains of PKCalpha are tethered in the resting state and that the tethering is released upon bin...

Anaerobic fungi are efficient plant biomass degraders and represent promising agents for a variety of biotechnological applications. We evaluated the tolerance of an anaerobic fungal isolate, Orpinomyces sp. strain C1A, to air exposure in liquid media using soluble (cellobiose) and insoluble (dried switchgrass) substrates. Strain C1A grown on cellobiose survived for 11, and 13.5 hours following...

Bryostatin 1 (Bryo), currently in clinical trials, has been shown to induce a biphasic concentration-response curve for down-regulating protein kinase C (PKC) delta, with protection of the enzyme from down-regulation at high Bryo doses. In our ongoing studies to identify the basis for this unique behavior of PKCdelta, we examined the participation of the two ligand binding sites (C1a and C1b) i...

Members of the anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) reside in rumen, hindgut, and feces of ruminant and non-ruminant herbivorous mammals and reptilian herbivores. No protocols for gene insertion, deletion, silencing, or mutation are currently available for the AGF, rendering gene-targeted molecular biological manipulations unfeasible. Here, we developed and optimized an RNA interference (RNAi)-based proto...

Two isoforms of the calcitonin receptor are expressed in rabbit: the common C1a isoform and the calcitonin receptor Delta e13 isoform, which has a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain. Using microphysiometry, we investigated the effects of calcitonin on proton efflux from HEK293 cells stably transfected with C1a, calcitonin receptor Delta e13, or empty vector. In C1a-expressing cells on...

A mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea, designated var. JI-33, produced an antibiotic complex consisting primarily of gentamicin C1a. A further product of this fermentation was identical to a very minor component isolated from the fermentation of the parent organism and named gentamicin C2b. Physical measurements indicated its structure to be 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a and this was confirmed...