TorsinA (TorA) is an AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase linked to dystonia type 1 (DYT1), a neurological disorder that leads to uncontrollable muscular movements. Although DYT1 is linked to a 3 bp deletion in the C-terminus of TorA, the biological function of TorA remains to be established. Here, we use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tractable in vivo mod...

TorsinA (TorA) is an AAA+ ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen that is mutated in early onset DYT1 dystonia. TorA is an essential protein in mice and is thought to function in the nuclear envelope (NE) despite localizing throughout the ER. Here, we report that transient interaction of TorA with the ER membrane protein LULL1 targets TorA to the NE. FRAP and Blue Native PAGE indicate th...

We have identified a novel gene, Tortoise (TorA), that is required for the efficient chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Cells lacking TorA sense chemoattractant gradients as indicated by the presence of periodic waves of cell shape changes and the localized translocation of cytosolic PH domains to the membrane. However, they are unable to migrate directionally up spatial gradients of...

A broad class of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) applications will require every mobile node in a connected subnet to establish persistent paths with a single sink or gateway or command-post. Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA) is the only MANET routing protocol which has been explicitly designed to facilitate such a requirement. However, TORA has several shortcomings like i) the need for...

Protocol comparison: Performance of TORA was compared to Ideal Link-State (ILS) and pure flooding. Since TORA often provides multiple downstream routes, a next-hop forwarding decision is required. Two different forwarding policies were evaluated: TORA for each packet randomly(based on uniform distribution) select one of the downstream neighbors to forward the packet to, and TORA LN forward all ...

Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile stations communicating through wireless links, without any fixed backbone support. In these networks, limited power energy supply, and frequent topology changes caused by node mobility, makes their routing a challenging problem. TORA is one of the routing protocols that successfully copes with the nodes’ mobility side effects, but it do...

Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile stations communicating through wireless links, without any fixed backbone support. In these networks, limited power energy supply, and frequent topology changes caused by node mobility, makes their routing a challenging problem. TORA is one of the routing protocols that successfully copes with the nodes’ mobility side effects, but it do...

Cassia tora L. (Jue-ming-zi) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in East Asia. The in vitro anticancer effects of Jue-ming-zi were evaluated in TCA8113 human tongue carcinoma cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. At a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, Cassia tora L. inhibited the growth of TCA8113 cells by 72%; this inhibiton was greater tha...