Inhaled β2-adrenoreceptor agonists are widely used in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for bronchoconstriction relief. β2-Adrenoreceptor agonists relax airway smooth muscle cells via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediated pathways. However, prolonged stimulation induces functional desensitization of the β2-adrenoreceptors (β2-AR), potentially leading to reduced cl...

Conventional asthma and COPD treatments include the use of bronchodilators, mainly β2-adrenergic agonists, muscarinic receptor antagonists and corticosteroids or leukotriene antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents. These active drugs are administered either separately or given as a fixed-dose combination medication into a single inhaler. ASM-024, a homopiperazinium compound, derived from the st...

In recent years, delegates to the OIE have voiced concern about the situation of many Official Veterinary Services (OVS). They emphasized the need to make these services responsive to present and future requirements of the animal industry, both in developed countries (with either market or planned economies) and in developing countries. There is broad agreement on the obsolescence of many OVS i...

Androgens increase skeletal muscle mass, but their clinical use is hampered by a lack of tissue selectivity and subsequent side effects. Selective androgen receptor modulators elicit muscle-anabolic effects while only sparingly affecting reproductive tissues. The selective androgen receptor modulator, GTx-024 (enobosarm), is being investigated for cancer cachexia, sarcopenia, and muscle wasting...

BACKGROUND: Cachexia, also known as muscle wasting, is a complex metabolic condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle and a decline in physical function. Muscle wasting is associated with cancer, sarcopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, and other chronic conditions and results in significant morbidity and mortality. GTx-024 (enobosarm) is a nonsteroida...

In this set of notes, we will develop the basic theory of tensors and differential forms; we will learn what it means to integrate a differential form; and we will state the generalized Stokes’ Theorem in terms of differential forms. Caveat lector: there are several closely related meanings of the word tensor. We begin introducing some convenient terminology for which we will not give precise d...

Joint S tatement of Establishing Chinese Clinical T rial Regist rat ion and Publishing System You-Ping LI , Tai-Xiang WU , Jing LI , Zi-Hong ZHONG , Wan-Nian JIA , on behalf of Joint Statement Working Group , Chinese Clinical Trial Registration and Publishing Collaboration (1 . Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre , Minist ry of H ealth of the People’s Republic of China , Chinese Cochrane Cen...

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