Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultrafiltrate of plasma formed by active, ATP-dependent pumps located predominantly in the choroidal epithelium. CSF is continuously produced and absorbed, turning over approximately 3-4 times per day. CSF normally is colorless, odorless, and contains very few cells. Compared to serum, CSF is low in protein, glucose, potassium and calcium, but high in sodium, mag...

Limited joint mobility (LJM) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). LJM often is characterized by hand stiffness, but other joints may be involved. The prayer and tabletop signs may be used to detect limitation of joint mobility in the hands. Range of motion should be checked in the large joints as well as in the hand and finger joints. LJM should be distinguished from other muscul...