The variable-split formulations of the perfectly matched layers absorbing boundary condition (PML) are derived for the 2D elastic wave-equation and tested for both homogeneous and layered velocity models by applying the 2-4 staggered-grid finitedifference scheme. Test results are compared with those by Cerjan’s sponge zone absorbing boundary condition. The comparison indicates that PML is signi...

Let S be a set of n ideals of a commutative ring A and let Geven (respectively Godd) denote the product of all the sums of even (respectively odd) number of ideals of S. If n ≤ 6 the product of Geven and the intersection of all ideals of S is included in Godd. In the case A is an Noetherian integral domain, this inclusion is replaced by equality if and only if A is a Dedekind domain.

The concept of a 0-distributive poset is introduced. It is shown that a section semicomplemented poset is distributive if and only if it is 0-distributive. It is also proved that every pseudocomplemented poset is 0-distributive. Further, 0-distributive posets are characterized in terms of their ideal lattices.

This paper introduce and study weakly 1-absorbing prime ideals in commutative rings. Let $$A $$ be a ring with nonzero identity $$1\ne 0.$$ A proper ideal $$P of is said to if for every nonunits $$x,y,z\in $$0\ne xyz\in P, then $$xy\in P$$ or $$z\in P. In addition give many properties characterizations ideals, we also determine rings which prime. Furthermore, investigate C(X), the continuous...

Conversion of sunlight by photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) combines a photonic process similar to photovoltaic cells, and a thermal process similar to conventional thermionic converters. As a result, the upper limit on the conversion efficiency of PETE devices is not the same as the Shockley– Queisser (SQ) limit that corresponds to the bandgap of the absorbing material, nor to the Car...

An important predictor of historical sound change, functional load, fails to capture insights from speech perception. Building on ideal observer models of word recognition, we devise a new definition of functional load that incorporates both a priori expectedness and perceptual information. We explore this new measure with a simple model and find that it outperforms tra-