Lysosomotropic amines, such as ammonium chloride, are known to protect cells from the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin. These drugs are believed to inhibit the transport of the toxin from a receptor at the cell exterior into the cytoplasm where a fragment of the toxin arrests protein synthesis. We studied the effects of lysosomotropic agents on the cytotoxic process to better understand ho...

BACKGROUND T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin that is produced by the Fusarium fungi. Consumption of food and feed contaminated with T-2 toxin causes diseases in humans and animals. OBJECTIVES In this study T-2 toxin was analyzed in poultry and cattle feedstuff in cities of Mazandaran province (Babol, Sari, Chalus), Northern Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 90 samples were analyzed for T-2 ...

In this work, we studied the impact of harvesting time on Fusarium mycotoxin occurrence in spring wheat and effect contamination quality these grains. The grains (Triticum aestivum L.) were collected 2016–2018 when crop had reached full maturity, 10 ± 2 days 17 3 after maturity. grain samples analyzed for infection co-contamination with mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 to...

Recombinant beta-toxin from Clostridium perfringens type C was found to increase the conductance of bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) by inducing channel activity. The channels exhibited a distribution of conductances within the range of 10 to 380 pS, with the majority of the channels falling into two categories of conductance at 110 and 60 pS. The radii of beta-toxin pores found for the conductan...

Botulinum toxin is an extraordinarily potent molecule that has an unusually long duration of action. Despite this, there is little information available on natural mechanisms for metabolism or elimination and virtually no information on pharmacologically induced mechanisms for metabolism and elimination. Therefore, a number of experiments were performed on laboratory animals that addressed two ...

Rhizoctonia solani causes stem canker and significantly impacts potato production. Conventional assay to evaluate resistance using R. inoculum is time consuming. To establish an effective fast assay, 20 cultivars/lines were examined both AG2-1 as its derived toxin (RS toxin). In field trials of 2009 2010, wheat-bran-mediated was incorporated at either 0, 2, 3, 4 or 5 g per seed piece in the soi...

125I-labelled heat-labile toxin (from Escherichia coli) and 125I-labelled cholera toxin bound to immobilized ganglioside GM1 and Balb/c 3T3 cell membranes with identical specificities, i.e. each toxin inhibited binding of the other. Binding of both toxins to Balb/c 3T3 cell membranes was saturable, with 50% of maximal binding occurring at 0.3 nM for cholera toxin and 1.1 nM for heat-labile toxi...

botulinum toxin (bt) is a potent presynaptic neuromuscular blocking agent which induces selective, reversible muscle weakness for months when injected intramuscularly.during recent years bt has revolutionized the treatment of previously intractable symptoms of detrusor overactivity. based on a systematic search of the pubmed database,a review of the current literature on the use of onabotulinum...

BACKGROUND T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin of type A trichothecenes produced by several fungal genera such as Fusarium species. Mycotoxins can affect both cell mediated and humoral immune compartments. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on cytokine production by mouse peritoneal macrophages and lymph node T cells. METHODS Mouse peritoneal macrophages and...