School closure is an important component of U.S. pandemic flu mitigation strategy, but has important costs. We give estimates of both the direct economic and health care impacts for school closure durations of 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks under a range of assumptions. We find that closing all schools in the U.S. for four weeks could cost between $10 and $47 billion dollars (0.1-0.3% of GDP) and lead t...

School closure is an important component of U.S. pandemic flu mitigation strategy, but has important costs. We give estimates of both the direct economic and health care impacts for school closure durations of 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks under a range of assumptions. We find that closing all schools in the U.S. for four weeks could cost between $10 and $47 billion dollars (0.10.3% of GDP) and lead to...

BACKGROUND Safe and cost-effective programs for implementing early infant male circumcision (EIMC) in Africa need to be piloted. We present results on a relative cost analysis within a randomized noninferiority trial of EIMC comparing the AccuCirc device with Mogen clamp in Zimbabwe. METHODS Between January and June 2013, male infants who met inclusion criteria were randomized to EIMC through...

Waste reduction is a primary environmental protection policy in North Carolina. This manual is directed at small or medium-sized businesses such as yours and provides guidance for developing or expanding Waste reduction is defined and described briefly in the first chapter of the manual, and the benefits of waste reduction are highlighted. Two primary benefits of pursuing waste reduction are en...

introduction: increasing costs of health and treatment services has led health economics specialists and even physicians in all countries to seek new methods for controlling and reducing costs in medical and health services. the present study was aimed to estimate the costs of a cardiac care unit (ccu) in a governmental hospital in iran. methods: in order to determine the end cost, a stepwise p...

This paper reveals that logistics make up at least 17% of annual operational expenditure costs for offshore wind farms. Annual operational expenditure is found to vary by a factor of 9.5, making its share of levelized cost of energy for offshore wind range from 13% to 57%. These are key findings of a 20-month research project targeting cost reduction initiatives for offshore wind systems. The f...

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of four different nurse staffing strategies on hospital costs: Part-time RNs; RN temporary agencies; RN rich skill mix; and organizationally experienced RNs. Two regression equations were specified to consider the effect of these strategies on personnel and benefit costs and on non-personnel operating costs. A number of additional variables w...

Nimitz-class aircraft carriers are very expensive ships to build, own, and operate. The procurement cost for CVN 77 will be more than $5 billion. Each Nimitz-class carrier has an average annual operations and maintenance cost of approximately $240 million, slightly less than half of which is for shipyard availabilities. A little less than a third of the annual cost is for the pay and allowances...

PERSONNEL are becoming a key component in COST PROJECTIONS overall library planning. Strategic plans and the results of a process of defining visions and values provide critical guides to where and how personnel should be allocated. The article also examines factors such as accountability, new programmatic initiatives, and clientcentered approaches in terms of examining personnel costs. A revie...