National curricula need to change drastically to comply with the competences needed for the 21 century. In this paper eight frameworks describing 21 century competences were analysed. A comprehensive search for information about 21 century competences was conducted across the official websites of the selected frameworks, resulting in 32 documents that were analysed in detail. Travers and Westbu...

A well-functioning immune system is key to providing good defence against pathogenic organisms and to providing tolerance to non-threatening organisms, to food components and to self. The immune system works by providing an exclusion barrier, by identifying and eliminating pathogens and by identifying and tolerating non-threatening sources of antigens, and by maintaining a memory of immunologic...

Aluminium is the most common metallic element, but has no known biological role. It accumulates in the body when protective gastrointestinal mechanisms are bypassed, renal function is impaired, or exposure is high – all of which apply frequently to preterm infants. Recognised clinical manifestations of aluminium toxicity include dementia, anaemia and bone disease. Parenteral nutrition (PN) solu...

The goal of the data warehousing project at Stanford (the WHIPS project) is to develop algorithms and tools for the eecient collection and integration of information from heterogeneous and autonomous sources, including legacy sources. In this paper we give a brief overview of the WHIPS project, and we describe some of the research problems being addressed in the initial phase of the project.

Abnormalities of autophagy can result in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in AD are not well understood. Here, we describe our findings that microRNA (miR)-299-5p functions as an autophagy inhibitor by suppressing Atg5 and antagonizing caspase-dependent apoptosis. We observed decreased levels of miR-299-5p both in...

http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/299 Updated information and services can be found at: These include: References http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/299#BIBL This article cites 15 articles, 7 of which can be accessed free at: Rapid responses http://bmj.com/cgi/eletter-submit/330/7486/299 You can respond to this article at: http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/299#responses free...

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 296 DIRECT EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS OF S-IgA ..................................................................... 297 Inhibition of Microbial Adherence and Colonization ..................................................................297 Toxin and Enzyme Neutralization ...................................................

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, small non-coding RNAs which play important roles in various biological and cellular processes, including chemoresistance. The expression level of miR-299-3p was dysregulated in doxorubicin-resistance lung cancer cell lines. However, the exact role of miR-299-3p in doxorubicin-resistance is still unknown. In the present study, miR-299-3p was down-exp...

BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are effective regulators of gene expression that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and various other cancers. The high prevalence of aberrant miRNA expression in CRC suggests that they can be used as biomarkers and anticancer molecules for therapeutic purposes. There is evidence that microRNA-299-5p (miR-299-5p) is associated with v...