By December 2008, structured finance securities accounted for over $11 trillion worth of outstanding U.S. bond market debt (35%). The lion’s share of these securities was highly rated by rating agencies. More than half of the structured finance securities rated by Moody’s carried a AAA rating—the highest possible credit rating. In 2007 and 2008, the creditworthiness of structured finance securi...

the issuing of credit cards by banks and other financial and credit institutions is a new experience in iran. the compatibility of credit cards with islamic rules and islamic banking and establishment of a legal structure for maintaining security for such cards, avoiding frauds and settling relating disputes is one of the most challenging issues of the iranian legislation. as the issuance and u...

In practice, the supplier often offers the retailers a trade credit period M and the retailer in turn provides a trade credit period N to her/his customer to stimulate sales and reduce inventory. From the retailer’s perspective, granting trade credit not only increases sales and revenue but also increases opportunity cost (i.e., the capital opportunity loss during credit period) and defau...

Many factors innuence the performance of a learned classiier. In this paper we study diier-ent methods of measuring performance based on a uniied set of cost models and the eeects of training class distribution with respect to these models. Observations from these eeects help us devise a distributed multi-classiier meta-learning approach to learn in domains with skewed class distributions, non-...

Many factors innuence a learning process and the performance of a learned classiier. In this paper we investigate the eeects of class distribution in the training set on performance. We also study diierent methods of measuring performance based on cost models and the performance eeects of training class distribution with respect to the diierent cost models. Observations from these eeects help u...

Many factors innuence a learning process and the performance of a learned classiier. In this paper we investigate the performance eeects of class distribution in the training set. We also study diierent methods of measuring performance based on cost models and the performance eeects of training class distribution with respect to the diierent cost models. Observations from these eeects help us d...

The threat of credit card fraud is arguably the most serious issue of concern to e-commerce participants, including consumers and merchants. SSL/TLS and SET are two widely discussed means of securing online credit card payments. Because of implementation issues, SET has not really been adopted by e-commerce participants, whereas, despite the fact that it does not address all security issues, SS...

the credit portfolio management and the optimal credit portfolio selection are identified as one of the most effective factors in banks’ credit risk. two main strategies in this regard include diversification versus concentration. in this study, at first, the status of diversification of iran’s banking sector is analyzed, then the relationship between diversification of the credit portfolio and...

the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...