Recent researches on Three-dimensional Geographic Information System (3D GIS) modeling technology were reviewed. The concept of 3D GIS modeling and its application in various fields were introduced. Essential techniques to realize 3D visualization were studied. A typical 3D GIS modeling usually contains the description and the transmission of GIS spatial data structure. GIS spatial data models ...

We present a novel GIS, Real Space GIS, which is a 2D & 3D integration GIS. Real Space GIS is based on Real Space which is 3D geographical space and 2D map space which is based on geographical sphere or ellipsoid comparing to Paper Space GIS which is based on traditional Paper Space based on paper map coordinates. Real Space GIS mainly integrates data structure, data model, data storage, data v...

Introduction Since early ’90 GIS has become a sophisticated system for maintaining and analysing spatial and semantic information on spatial objects. The need for 3D information is rapidly increasing. 2D GIS analysis have shown its limitations in some situations, e.g. noise prediction models (noise spreads out in three dimensions) (Kluijver and Stoter, 2003), water flood models, air pollution m...

1. Introduction Since early '90 GIS has become a sophisticated system for maintaining and analysing spatial and thematic information on spatial objects. The need for 3D information is rapidly increasing. 2D GIS analysis has shown its limitations in some situations, e.g. noise prediction models (noise spreads out in three dimensions) (Kluijver and Stoter, 2003), water flood models, air pollution...

While most current Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are 2D GIS, more and more application domains as geology, civil and military engineering, etc, need 3D GIS. The particularities and capabilities of a 3D GIS are outlined in this paper. Although 3D GIS are not much developped, some studies have already been done, especially in order to represent 3D data for geological or architectural app...

Three-dimensional geographic information systems (3D GIS) attempt to understand and express the real world from the perspective of 3D space. Currently, 3D GIS perspective carriers are mainly 2D and not 3D, which influences how 3D information is expressed and further affects the user cognition and understanding of 3D information. Using mixed reality as a carrier of 3D GIS is promising and may ov...

This paper describes the 3D GIS research efforts done by the GIS research groups as well as by major GIS software vendors world wide, namely Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI) Inc., ERDAS Inc., Integraph Inc., and PCI Geomatics Inc. Research works done by the authors of this paper formed major discussion of this paper including a discussion on why the 3D GIS software is difficult to...

While the use of three-dimensional (3D) geographical information system (GIS) is becoming in rapid development and being used in various fields such as urban and regional planning, disaster management and planning, mobile navigation and etc., commercial and open source GIS software packages tend to offer 3D-GIS functionalities for their products. On the basis, GIS analysis functions are to prov...

The objective of the research reported here is to develop a Multimodal 3D Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with haptic interface. In 3D environments, the complex spatial relationship between the entities and the influence of the light and shadow make operations of objects difficult and inefficient. Haptic interaction is then considered as an effective auxiliary method. We studied the feas...

Until recently Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have held center stage in the archaeologist’s geospatial toolkit, and there is no doubt that archaeologists have moved beyond the map – but into what? In the early years, criticisms voicing GIS as environmentally-deterministic were abundant. What methods and tool have archaeologists used to overcome these criticisms? New geospatial technologie...