Bizans İmparatoru II. Nikephoros Phokas’ın (963-969) hükümranlığının son döneminde Bulgarlara karşı Kiev Knez’i Svyatoslav (945-972) ile işbirliğine girmesi üzerine Bulgaristan’ı ilhak eden Ruslar, Bizans’ı tehdit edecek bir konuma gelmiş bulunmaktaydı. Knezi Oleg (879-913) hâkimiyet alanını Güney Avrupa içlerinden Karadeniz kıyılarına kadar genişleten etki Balkanlar’a yayarak nihayetinde komşu...

BACKGROUND In collaboration with the national AIDS program, early infant diagnosis (EID) is implemented by Integrated HIV Care (IHC) program through its anti-retroviral therapy (ART) centers across 10 cities in five states and regions of Myanmar. Blood samples from the ART centers are sent using public transport to a centralized PCR facility. OBJECTIVES Among HIV-exposed babies <9 months at e...

Background: Early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) and antiretroviral therapy dramatically reduce mortality. EID is recommended at six weeks of age, but many infant infections are missed. Design/Methods: We simulated four EID strategies for HIV-exposed infants in South Africa: no EID (diagnosis only after illness), testing once (birth alone; 6 weeks alone) and twice (birth and 6 weeks). We calculated...

BACKGROUND Services to diagnose early infant HIV infection should be offered at the 6-week immunization visit. Despite high 6-week immunization attendance, the coverage of early infant diagnosis (EID) is low in many sub-Saharan countries. We explored reasons for such missed opportunities at 6-week immunization visits. METHODS We used data from 2 cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2010 in So...

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