There are many tactile devices for indentation examinations to measure mechanical properties of tissue. The purpose of this paper is to develop a portable indentation robotic device to show its usability for measuring the mechanical properties of a healthy abdominal tissue. These measurements will help to develop suitable mathematical models representing abdominal tissue. A 1-DOF portable robot...

In computer programming languages, indentation formats program source code to improve readability. Programming languages make use of indentation to define program structure .Programmers use indentation to understand the structure of their programs to human readers. Especially, indentation is the better way to represent the relationship between control flow constructs such as selection statement...

Nano/micro-manufacturing under wet condition is an important consideration for various tool-based processes such as indentation, scratching, and machining. The existence of liquids adds complexity to the system, changes the tool/work interfacial condition, and affects material behaviors. For indentation, it may also affect material property measurements. However, little effort has been made to ...

Introduction A Virtual Reality (VR)-based medical simulation requires accurate organ geometry, fast computation algorithms, and mechanical properties of the soft tissue. However, the material properties’ characterization has not been sufficiently investigated due to the difficulty of testing and modeling the complexities of nonlinearity and time dependency of the soft tissue. Several research g...

To provide data for the design of virtual environments and teleoperated systems for surgery, it is necessary to measure tissue properties under both in vivo and ex vivo conditions. The former provides information about tissue behavior in its physiological state, while the latter can provide better control over experimental conditions. We have developed devices to measure tissue properties under...

The remarkable mechanical performance of biological materials is based on intricate structure-function relationships. Nanoindentation has become the primary tool for characterising biological materials, as it allows to relate structural changes to variations in mechanical properties on small scales. However, the respective theoretical background and associated interpretation of the parameters m...

Instrumented indentation test has been extensively applied to study the mechanical properties such as elastic modulus of different materials. The Oliver–Pharr method to measure the elastic modulus from an indentation test was originally developed for single phase materials. During a spherical indentation test on shape memory alloys (SMAs), both austenite and martensite phases exist and evolve i...

−A newly developed hardness test based on equivalent indentation depth is currently expected to be the only hardness test method that enables seamless evaluations of hardness across different hardness scales in all load ranges from nanoscopic to macroscopic in an industrial friendly manner because the new method is free from the shortcomings of the instrumented indentation method, which require...

STUDY DESIGN Intrasubject controls with randomized intervention order. OBJECTIVE To quantify the immediate change in posteroanterior (PA) spinal stiffness produced by different combinations of trunk muscle contraction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The abdominal hollow and the abdominal brace are 2 different combinations of trunk muscle contractions that are commonly prescribed to increase spi...