The most basic and generic configuration, which consists of a unidirectional coupling between a ring resonator and a waveguide, is considered. The fundamental working equations required to describe the associated power transfer are derived and the application of this geometry to a variety of optical phenomena is discussed. These phenomena include ‘adddropping’ of optical beams, adddrop filterin...

Most of today's optical networks are built on E:ONET rings [I]. Using WDM technology, multiple rings can be sup ported on a single fiber ring [3]. In this architecture, each wavelength independently carries a SONET ring. Each SONET ring can further support multiple low speed streams (e.g. an OC48 SONET ring can support 4 OC-12 or 16 OC-3 streams at the same time). At each node a WDM Add/Drop Mu...

The ability to integrate micro-optical elements with movable structures and microactuators has opened up many new opportunities for optical and optoelectronic systemsI2. It allows us to manipulate optical beams more effectively than conventional methods, and is scalable to large optical systems. Optical MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) have applications in display, sensing, and optical dat...

SONET add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) are the dominant cost in SONET/WDM rings. They can potentially be reduced by optical bypass via wavelength adddrop multiplexers (WADMs) and trafflc grooming. While many works have been done o n the grooming of all-to-all uniform trafflc and one-to-all trafflc, the grooming of arbitrary t r a c have not been studied yet. In this paper we first proves the NP-har...

Photonic circuits based on silicon wire waveguides have attracted significant interest in recent years. They allow strong confinement of light with moderately low propagation losses. Moreover, the high thermo-optical coefficient of silicon and the small device size in silicon photonics allow for micro-heaters induced trimming, tuning, and switching with relatively low power. In this paper, we r...

slow sand filters are as a proper technology for pre-treatment of raw water, with a fine and medium trubidity in small communities in developing countries. thus, with a minimum operation cost and minimum need for expest bodies have the maximum efficiency. the purpose of this research is carried out to evaluate the efficiency of two processes of horizontal flow roughing filter and vertical flow ...

an air filter is a significant element of any mechanical ventilation system. however, the importance and performance evaluation of air filters have not been well publicized and related scientific reports are scarce. in this study, a transportable, off-line, air filter-testing unit (the unit) was designed and utilized to simulate the filter housing of a mechanical ventilation system. the unit wa...

the notion of absorbent ordered filters in implicative semigroupsis introduced, and its fuzzification is considered. relations among (fuzzy) orderedfilters, (fuzzy) absorbent ordered filters, and (fuzzy) positive implicativeordered filters are stated. the extensionproperty for (fuzzy) absorbent orderedfilters is established. conditions for (fuzzy) ordered filters to be (fuzzy)absorbent ordered ...