Introduction The phrase “balanced anesthesia” originated from the coadministration of drugs to produce an “ideal” anesthetic state. Today the ideal anesthetic state implies adequate hypnosis, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and relief from stress. The last of these attributes, relief from stress, has been the focus of several investigations conducted in horses in order to determine the magnitude ...

A balanced anesthesia protocol is called perfect when it has fast induction, excellent recovery, the least effect on the cardiopulmonary system and sufficient analgesia. Many of anesthetic combinations have an analgesic effect without opioids. However, at the end of anesthesia, analgesia decreases or is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anesthesia times, ele...

This review aims to report an update on drugs administered into the epidural space for anesthesia and analgesia in dogs, describing their potential advantages and disadvantages in the clinical setting. Databases searched include Pubmed, Google scholar, and CAB abstracts. Benefits of administering local anesthetics, opioids, and alpha2 agonists into the epidural space include the use of lower do...

PURPOSE To study the immunological effects of two types of anesthesia on the immune response in infants during a minimally stressful surgical procedure. METHODS The effects of inhalational halothane (halothane + N2O + O2, spontaneous breathing, n = 12) and conventional balanced anesthesia (thiopental + N2O + O2 + fentanyl + vecuronium, mechanical ventilation, n = 12) on immune function were m...

BACKGROUND Recently, the economic cost of anesthesiahas attracted attention. To compare the costs of three methods of general anesthesia (GA), a retrospective 1-year study was designed for patients undergoing radical resection for gastric carcinoma. METHODS A total of 398 patients were originally included in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the mode of anesthesi...

OBJECTIVE To determine the comparison of its clinical utility and safety profile for visual evoked potential (VEP) monitoring during prone spine surgeries under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) versus balanced general anesthesia using the SightSaver™ visual stimulator. METHODS The protocol was designed asa pilot, single center, prospective, randomized, and double-arm study. Subjects were r...

We report a case of an erroneously elevated bispectral index (BIS) during robot assisted thyroidectomy using an electromyographic endotracheal tube (EMG tube), which is safe and useful for laryngeal electromyographic monitoring. Ten minutes after start of the operation, a sudden increase of BIS value up to 98 was noticed. The BIS values were not decreased to < 65 with supplemental anesthetics. ...