objective(s):protective effects of diuretics, particularly of hydrochlorothiazide (hct), for the development of seizure attacksepilepsy have been described in vivo. however, itsthe mechanism of action of hct is unknownneeds to be elucidated. materials and methods: extracellular field potentials were recorded from the ca1- and ca3-subfields of the hippocampus of rats. epileptiform discharges wer...

cerebral palsy (cp) is the most common motor disability in children, usually occurring during fetal development; before, during, or shortly after birth, or during infancy. cp takes place in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births .there is no exact reason but birth injury or inflammation of the central nervous system, infections and hypoxia are related risk factors of this disease. often, symptoms incl...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory disorder, in which neurons become demyelinated. to date, its etiology has remained unknown. nevertheless, certain features are inspected to provoke ms. for instance, improper function of immune cells is widely believed to be the basis of such disorder. in this concept, ms is stated as an autoimmune disease, which was asserted by major of studies, as cd...

introduction: development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary ischemic injury. blood brain barrier (bbb) opening is an important part of edema named as vasogenic brain edema. in this study, quantitative alterations of bbb permeability is experimentally evaluated using transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. methods: two groups of male rats (ischemic and sh...

most common hypotheses of seizure initiation are increased neural excitation, decreased inhibition or both. but, the conditions that lead to these activation states not to be clear yet. recent studies challenge traditional concepts and indicate new evidence that a key epileptogenic process may actually begin in the blood vessel. seizures could be initiate by a variety of insults to the brain, s...

background: hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for stroke is not conclusive. there are no definite data on the relationship between ischemic cerebrovascular injury and hyperthyroidism. this study was designed to define whether the outcomes of post-ischemic stroke injury are influenced by chronic hyperthyroidism. methods: two groups of hyperthyroid (ht) and control euthyroid rats of equal numbers ...

background: angiotensin ii (ang ii) has an important role on cerebral microcirculation however, its direct roles in terms of ischemic brain edema need to be clarified. this study evaluated the role of central ang ii by using candesartan, as an at1 receptor blocker, in the brain edema formation and blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption caused by ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injuries in rat. methods...

blood brain barrier (bbb) is a specialized non fenestrate barrier that formation by the endothelial cells and controls the transportation of the cells and molecules in to the brain. reducing in function of bbb is one of disruptions in neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis. endothelial progenitor cell (epc) help to the bbb to control the diapedesis of inflammatory cells & molecules in to...

cell based therapeutics is one of the most rapidly advancing medical fields, bringing together a range of fields including transplantation, tissue engineering and regeneration, biomaterials and stem cell biology. however, traditional cell-based therapeutics have many limitations, one of which is their harmful effects exhibited on healthy body cells due to their lack of specificity. nanomedicine...