Technologies have started to overlap new virtual communication and information layers on top of the urban physical territory, thus bringing along distinct possibilities of social organization. Regarding this phenomenon and intending to achieve improvement in a great variety of fields from Politics to Urban Planning, the terms of Smart or Digital Cities among others have been adopted, still with...

− We provide a reformulation of Cocke−Younger−Kasami’s algorithm for recognizing context-free languages in which there are no references either to indices of table entries or to the length of the input string. Some top-down analogues of this functional approach are discussed as well.

This quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of bottom-up and top-down instructional approaches on English as a foreign language (EFL) vocabulary recall and retention. To this end, 44 high school students from two intact classes were assigned to bottom-up (n = 21) and top-down (n = 23) groups. The participants were exposed to 20 hours of explicit vocabulary instruction during 10 weeks ...

Robotic right colectomy with complete mesocolic excision and bottom-up suprapubic approach may potentially allow for a safe extended lymphadenectomy by providing high-quality surgical specimens intact visceral embryological envelopes. technology increase the diffusion of minimally invasive surgery lower intraoperative postoperative complication rates, thus reducing length hospital stay. Althoug...