to study the physiological and morphological relationships of two clover species affected by herbicides, pursuit experiment in a factorial based on randomized completely design with 3 replications at the damavand in 2012. the first factor consisted of two species of trifolium pretense l. and trifolium alexandrinum l. and the second factor consisted of three levels of herbicide pursuit (0, 0.5, ...

Carotenoids are the most common pigments in nature and are synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and fungi. Carotenoids are considered key molecules for life. Light capture, photosynthesis photoprotection, excess light dissipation and quenching of singlet oxygen are among key biological functions of carotenoids relevant for life on earth. Biological properties of carotenoids allow for a w...

Marine animals contain various carotenoids that show structural diversity. These marine animals accumulate carotenoids from foods such as algae and other animals and modify them through metabolic reactions. Many of the carotenoids present in marine animals are metabolites of β-carotene, fucoxanthin, peridinin, diatoxanthin, alloxanthin, and astaxanthin, etc. Carotenoids found in these animals p...

The paper updates Isler's monograph of 1971 regarding the structures of naturally occurring carotenoids, their chemical reactions and their stereochemistry. Around ninety new structures are reported, including the new series of C30-carotenoids, enolized /3-diketones and several carotenoids with 2-hydroxy 3-rings. Progress in stereochemistry resulting in the configurational assignment of eleven ...

Selected examples of novel types of carotenoids studied in the author's laboratory during the past three years are discussed; including structural elucidation, total synthesis and biosynthetic considerations. Carotenoids of photosynthetic bacteria, particularly the aryl ketone okenone and cross-conjugated carotenals of the rhodopinal series, C50carotenoids of non-photosynthetic bacteria like de...

Various carotenoids with diverse structures are present in foods and have been reported to have beneficial effects on human health. Owing to their hydrophobicity, however, poor solubilization in the aqueous milieu of the digestive tract restricts their intestinal absorption. Fats and oils were found to increase the solubilization of carotenoids into mixed-micelles, which would therefore enhance...

Various natural carotenoids seem to be valuable for cancer prevention, and these carotenoids may be more suitable in combinational use, rather than in single use. In fact, we have proven that combinational use of natural carotenoids resulted in significant suppression of liver cancer. Patients of viral hepatitis with cirrhosis were administered with beta-cryptoxanthin-enriched Mandarin orange j...