The traditional view of the external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex giving rise to interneurons has been challenged by recent studies with quail-chick chimeras. To clarify the time and site of origins of interneurons, a retrovirus carrying the beta-galactosidase gene was injected into the deep cerebellar tissue or external granular layer of postnatal day 4/5 rats to label dividing prog...

317 degeneration to loss of Purkinje cells. In the Purkinje cell layer where neurons were lost, there were empty baskets. Degenerate Purkinje cells were accompanied by axonal torpedoes in the granular layer. The empty baskets indicate Purkinje cell loss normally de~eloped,~ while axonal torpedoes are a nonspecific sign of Purkinje cell degeneration and not a consequence of developmental f a i l...

Thyroid hormone (T3) has a major influence on cerebellum post-natal development. The major phenotypic landmark of exposure to low levels of T3 during development (hypothyroidism) in the cerebellum is the retarded inward migration of the most numerous cell type, granular neurons. In order to identify the direct genetic regulation exerted by T3 on cerebellar neurons and their precursors, we used ...

most popular sources for electromagnetic waves. However, there are many concerns regarding their biological effects on the body, especially the central nervous system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cell phone radiation on histology of the cerebellar granular cells in the neonatal rat. Materials and methods: We selected some Wistar rats. Then, we randomly d...

The sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter NBCn1 (SLC4A7) is an acid-base transporter that normally moves Na(+) and HCO(3)(-) into the cell. This membrane protein is sensitive to cellular and systemic pH changes. We examined NBCn1 expression and localization in the brain and its response to chronic metabolic acidosis. Two new NBCn1 antibodies were generated by immunizing a rabbit and a guinea pig. Th...

Exposure of the developing central nervous system (CNS) to ethanol leads to impaired cellular migration. In the cerebellar cortex, cell proliferation occurs in the early postnatal period. Granular cells generated in the external granular layer (EGL) migrate to their final destination at the internal granular layer. In this work, we examined the ethanol-induced alterations in cerebellar granular...

most popular sources for electromagnetic waves. however, there are many concerns regarding their biological effects on the body, especially the central nervous system. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cell phone radiation on histology of the cerebellar granular cells in the neonatal rat. materials and methods: we selected some wistar rats. then, we randomly divide...

The brain generates many rhythmic activities, and the olivo-cerebellar system is not an exception. In recent years, the cerebellum has revealed activities ranging from low frequency to very high-frequency oscillations. These rhythms depend on the brain functional state and are typical of certain circuit sections or specific neurons. Interestingly, the granular layer, which gates sensorimotor an...

We examined closely the cerebellar circuit model that we have proposed previously. The model granular layer generates a finite but very long sequence of active neuron populations without recurrence, which is able to represent the passage of time. For all the possible binary patterns fed into mossy fibres, the circuit generates the same number of different sequences of active neuron populations....