In 1991 Claus Emmeche and I suggested that ‘the chain of events which sets life apart from non-life.... needs at least two codes: one code for action (behaviour) and one code for memory—the very first of these codes necessarily must be analog and the second very probably must be digital.’ This principle of code-duality played a major role in our initial ideas on biosemiotics. The paper looks ba...

Risk estimation in breast cancer families is often estimated by use of the Claus tables. We analyzed the family histories of 196 counselees; compared the Claus tables with the Claus, the BRCA1/2, the BRCA1/2/ models; and performed linear regression analysis to extend the Claus tables with characteristics of hereditary breast cancer. Finally, we compared the Claus extended method with the Claus,...

The Santa Claus problem provides an excellent exercise in concurrent programming and can be used to show the simplicity or complexity of solving problems using a particular set of concurrency mechanisms and offers a comparison of these mechanisms. Shared-memory constructs, message passing constructs, and process oriented constructs will be used in various programming languages to solve the Sant...

The modified Claus process is characterized by several problems, namely poor instrumentation and no precise kinetic model for predicting the behaviour of the reactors. Using operational data of an industrial plant, this paper proposes a general framework for development of a plant-wide simulation model for modified Claus process based on simultaneous data reconciliation and parameter estimation...

Sulfur-bearing compounds are very detrimental to the environment and to industrial process equipment. They are often obtained or formed as a by-product of separation and thermal processing of fuels containing sulfur, such as coal, crude oil and natural gas. The two sulfur compounds, which need special attention, are: hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). H2S is a highly corrosive gas...

A number of commercial processes are available for removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas, tail gas from the Claus Process (containing un-reactive sulfur compounds, particularly CS2 and COS), coke-oven gas, pyrolysis gas and solution tail gas from heavy oil production. These processes are often limited by economics and technology. In the economic range from about 0.1 to 15 tons sulfur...