1. At its sixty-ninth meeting, the Executive Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board) of the clean development mechanism (CDM) considered the draft " Guidelines for determination of baseline and additionality thresholds for standardized baselines using the performance-penetration approach " (the guidelines) prepared by the secretariat. The Board provided comments and requested the secretari...

INtrODuCtION The Clean Development Mechanism has been recognized as a force for the empowerment of women through its various methodologies. While these methodologies may not have started out to be gender-friendly per se, their application has improved women's lives and by extension the lives of their communities. This publication will highlight some of these gender-friendly methodologies, as we...

in this paper, we introduce the new notion of n-f-clean rings as a generalization of f-clean rings. next, we investigate some properties of such rings. we prove that mn(r) is n-f-clean for any n-f-clean ring r. we also, get a condition under which the denitions of n-cleanness and n-f-cleanness are equivalent.