Household products, shampoos, pesticides, weed killers, even riot control gases, are just some of the products tested for irritancy in the eyes of conscious rabbits. The Draize test, introduced in 1944, is cruelly simple. The substance under test is sprayed or instilled into one eye of an albino rabbit. Generally no pain relief is given and the test often proceeds for 7 days during which the co...

PURPOSE The ocular toxicity of various compounds is typically determined by the Draize eye test, which has been criticized in the past for its lack of reproducibility and the cruelty associated with harsh testing conditions for animals. In this study, a liposome-based assay was developed for estimating ocular toxicity of surfactants. METHODS The release of calcein dye from liposomes induced b...

T he Draize rabbit eye irritation test developed in the 1940’s is even today the only eye toxicity test officially accepted in the OECD countries for regulatory purposes in the classification of slightly and moderately irritating chemicals. It is based on the subjective scoring of three tissues of the eye: the cornea, the conjunctiva and the iris. The Draize test has been widely criticized for ...

Today, the Draize rabbit eye test, which was introduced over sixty years ago (Draize et al., 1944), still forms the basis of internationally agreed protocols for eye irritation/corrosion testing (European Commission, 2004; OECD, 2002). The success of this test is based on its obvious biological relevance and the fact that multiple aspects of ocular irritation/corrosion, i.e. different target si...

Human eyes and skin are frequently exposed to chemicals accidentally or on purpose due to their external location. Therefore, chemicals are required to undergo the evaluation of the ocular and dermal irritancy for their safe handling and use before release into the market. Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation test developed in 1944, has been a gold standard test which was enlisted as OECD TG 4...

Recently, safety evaluation tests that do not involve animal experiments have been prosperously developing. However, the optimal evaluation materials and methods for assessing ocular irritancy have not been well investigated. In this study, we determined the optimal evaluation method for testing ocular irritation using a human cultured corneal epithelium model (corneal model). In order to asses...

Public data from ECHA online dossiers on 9,801 substances encompassing 326,749 experimental key studies and additional information on classification and labeling were made computable. Eye irritation hazard, for which the rabbit Draize eye test still represents the reference method, was analyzed. Dossiers contained 9,782 Draize eye studies on 3,420 unique substances, indicating frequent retestin...

In 1944, Draize et al., published a paper entitled "Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes". The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development published their first guideline on eye irritation in 1981, using rabbits. In the early eighties the development of alternative non-animal tests to replace the Draize eye ...

Accurate methods that test the eye irritation potential of chemicals, which do not involve the use of animals, are needed to meet new regulatory standards. We evaluated the applicability and predictive capacity of five in vitro tests for eye irritation: the Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay; the Chorioallantoic Membrane-Trypan Blue Staining (CAM-TBS) assay; the Fluorescein...