Many people believe that electricity development has been and continues to be beneficial to women. Early proponents of electrification of the United States, who included feminist visionaries, home economists, utility and transportation companies, and politicians, claimed that electrification would positively change the lives of women. While the vast majority ofthe United States is already elect...

Herein we describe a process—based on contact electrification and electrostatic interactions—that directs the selfassembly of chemically modified polystyrene microspheres to form three-dimensional microstructures. When two solid surfaces are brought into contact and separated, charge is often transferred from one surface to the other in a process known as contact electrification. 2] We can pred...

A rotating cylindrical electrode apparatus, which provided cylindrical Couette flow, was used to simulate flow electrification in an electric power transformer. The apparatus had Shell Diala A transformer oil filling the annulus between coaxial cylindrical stainless steel electrodes that were either bare metal, or covered by a thin copper sheet and/or EHV-Weidmann HiVal pressboard insulation. E...

Despite widespread privatization and liberalization of the electricity sector in the 1980s and 1990s, rural electrification has been largely neglected. This is attributed to the fact that rural electrification provides little by way of market incentives for profit-seeking private companies. Besides, it is also characterized by geographical remoteness, dispersed consumers, higher costs of supply...

—Detailed knowledge of the energy needs at relatively high spatial and temporal resolution is crucial for the electricity infrastructure planning of a region. However, such information is typically limited by the scarcity of data on human activities, in particular in developing countries where electrification of rural areas is sought. The analysis of society-wide mobile phone records has recent...

In 2001, railways in Japan carried 21.79 billion passengers (25.1% of all passenger transport) or 384.5 billion passenger-km (27% of all passenger transport). Rail freight totalled 59 million tonnes (1.0% of all freight transport) or 22.2 billion tonnekm (3.8% of total), clearly indicating that Japanese railway operators are almost exclusively passenger companies. Following the 1987 privatizati...

Purpose – To rigorously examine success and failure in the use of small scale technologies for rural electrification. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured primary field interviews plus secondary sources. Findings – Business model differences and influence of institutions important are important for understanding success and failure in rural electrification and the contribution rural el...

a r t i c l e i n f o This paper presents a theoretical model of firm-specific productivity growth that incorporates technological knowledge by electrification and tests the model empirically. Our theoretical explanations suggest that the energy-transformation from fossil fuel to electricity by electrification could cause a decrease in the short-term level of productivity but an increase in the...

A peak in childhood leukemia, ages two through four, emerged de novo in the 1920s in the United Kingdom and slightly later in the United States (US). Electrification in US farm and rural areas lagged behind urban areas until 1956. In recent years, childhood leukemia has been associated with residential electromagnetic fields. During 1928-1932, in states with above 75% of residences served by el...

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on contact electrification between heterogeneous materials has been widely studied. Inspired from wind-blown sand electrification, we design a novel kind of TENG based on size dependent electrification using homogeneous inorganic materials. Based on the asymmetric contact theory between homogeneous material surfaces, a calculation of surface charge densi...