Environmental Flow Requirement (EFR) is defined as the flow that is necessary to ensure the existence of habitats in water resources systems. EFR is defined in rivers as flow index commonly. Tennant method is the most popular hydrological method in rivers and based on the historic flow data. The most common method of hydraulic rating method is the wetted perimeter method. Habitat simulation tec...

An environmental water releases to the Snowy River was made in October 2011 (12,000 ML/day) as part of the Snowy River Increased Flows Program. The effects on the inlet entrance morphology and tidal response were measured on four field trips for each release to cover the flow peak and recovery. Water level recorders were deployed in the principal channels over the period of the releases and for...

An environmental fiscal reform (EFR) represents a transition of a taxation system toward one based in environmental taxation, rather than on taxation of capital, labor, or consumption. It differs from an environmental tax reform (ETR) in that an EFR also includes a reform of subsidies which counteract environmental policy. This research details different ways in which an EFR is not only possibl...

We investigated whether respiration influences pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration in five anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Impedance (Z) was separately assessed for heart beats occurring in inspiration, in expiration, and during the transition from inspiration to expiration (transitional beat). Transitional beats were scored by the rat...

commonly used environmental flow evaluation techniques range in complexity. some requires stream flow records alone, and some accounts for the habitat requirements of individual species life-stages and physical characteristics of the stream. hydrological based methods for environmental flow assessment are the first step in planning for environmental allocation in developing countries. for deter...

Target 6.4 of the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deals with the reduction of water scarcity. To monitor progress towards this target, two indicators are used: Indicator 6.4.1 measuring water use efficiency and 6.4.2 measuring the level of water stress (WS). This paper aims to identify whether the currently proposed indicator 6.4.2 considers the different elements that nee...

Abstract The Yongding River (Beijing, China) was dry most times of the year, and groundwater storage severely depleted. To address this issue, a river rehabilitation project initiated. A downstream environmental flow release (EFR) from upstream reservoirs has been implemented since 2019. This study evaluated impact EFR by constructing transient groundwater-flow numerical tracer transport models...

Pearce’s (1984) extensive-form rationalizablity (EFR) is a solution concept embodying a best-rationalization principle (Battigalli 1996, Battigalli and Siniscalchi 2002)) for forward-induction reasoning. EFR strategies may hence be distinct from backward-induction (BI) strategies. We provide a direct and transparent proof that in perfect-information games with no relevant ties, the unique BI ou...

This paper proposes an efficient retransmission (EFR) scheme for multi-rate wireless home networks. In EFR, immediate data transmission is provided for infrastructure WLAN without major modification of IEEE 802.11 standard. Furthermore, in order to consider a more realistic wireless home networks, the EFR scheme is enhanced to accommodate the asymmetric traffic model. We propose an analytical m...