background : episiotomy is the incision of perineum made to facilitate childbirth. here are the two types of episiotomy: median and mediolateral. considering the important role of incision characteristics such as length, angle and distance of initiation point from midperineum line in prevention of perineal rupture and reduction of further complications, this study investigated the comparison ep...

BACKGROUND Given considerable evidence that routine episiotomy increases maternal morbidity and without evidence to support maternal or neonatal benefit, has episiotomy use changed among health care providers? To date, very limited information exists relating to the past and current practice of episiotomy in many developing countries. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of episiotomy at Aba...

INTRODUCTION Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) through the skin is a nonpharmacological method of pain relief. The present study aimed to compare TENS and lidocaine on episiotomy complication in primiparous women. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, 80 participants were included from March to July 2011 at the antenatal clinic and postdelivery ward...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the changing association between lateral episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) for women with low and high baseline risk of OASIS. DESIGN A population-based register study. SETTING Data gathered from the Finnish Medical Birth Register for the years 2004-2011. PARTICIPANTS All women with spontaneous vaginal or vacuum-assisted singleton births in Finl...

Objectives: To estimate episiotomy rate in a rural population and to find out if higher episiotomy rate is associated with place of delivery and category of health care provider. Design: Population based cross sectional study Setting: Rural population near Chennai. Sample: Included 442 mothers who had vaginal delivery between August 2004 and July 2005. Methods: Cluster sampling was used to sele...

BACKGROUND To investigate the association between type of episiotomy and obstetric outcomes among 6,187 women with type 3 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of women presenting in labor to 28 obstetric centres in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan between November 2001 and March 2003. Data were analysed using cross tabulations and mu...

Introduction Episiotomy is a controversial procedure, especially because the discussion that surrounds it has gone beyond the field of scientific debate, being adopted as an indicator of the "humanization of childbirth". The scientific literature indicates that episiotomy should not be performed routinely, but selectively. Objectives To review the literature in order to assess whether the imple...

OBJECTIVE To review the use of episiotomy during vaginal delivery in Hong Kong public hospitals. DESIGN Prospective observational survey. SETTING Public hospitals, Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS Women who underwent normal vaginal delivery of a singleton foetus with cephalic presentation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of women having an episiotomy, severe-degree (third- or fourth-degree) tear, o...

BACKGROUND This observational study aimed to describe the rates and indicators for practice of episiotomy during normal labour and to compare them between women who have had one pregnancy (PG) and women who have already delivered two or more children (G2 and above). METHODS The study was conducted at Mother and Child Hospital, Buraidah from October- December 2013 as a descriptive cross sectio...