balb/c mice are highly susceptible to infection with the protozoan parasite leishmania major. this susceptibility has been attributed in part to the expansion of th2 cells and production of their cytokines, il-4 and il-10 and down-regulation of th1 cytokine, inf-γ. the inability of susceptible hosts to mount the immune response necessary to activate macrophage and destroy the parasites can be d...

fasciolosis diagnosis, due to low sensitivity of coprological diagnostic method has been challenging for a long period. in this study, dot-elisa, one of the simplest and the most sensitive tests in this regard, was evaluated using excretory-secretory antigens of fasciola hepatica to diagnose human fasciolosis three groups consisting of patients infected with fasciolosis (n= 95), patients with o...

background: cystic echinococcosis (ce), also known as echinococcosis/hydatidosis, is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. it enhances both humoral and cellular (th1 and th2) responses in infected host. different antigens of the worm may favor the th1 or th2 immune responses in ce patients. objective: to evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses of balb/c mice agai...

Histological and histochemical studies on the pancreas of goose (Anser albifrons) were carried out using special staining and light microscope. The pancreas in goose is serous tubuloacinar gland having exocrine and endocrine part. Smooth muscle fibres were absent in capsule of pancreas. Acinar cells have bizonal shape. Intralobular ducts, Interlobular and main excretory ducts were present withi...

OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate the ability of CT urography with a low-dose multi-phasic excretory phase for opacification of the urinary system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients underwent CT urography with low-dose multi-phasic s using adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D acquired at 5-, 10-, and 15-minute delays. Opacification scores of the upper urinary tracts and the urinary ...

The excretory system regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amount of water, salts and nutrients. The invertebrate excretory structures are classified in according to their marked variations in the morphological structures into three types included contractile vacuoles in protozoa, nephridia (flame cell system) in most invertebrat...

Fishes, in general, follow ammonotelic mode of excretion. However, certain stress factors may provoke them to excrete urea. In the present study, the possible role of ureogenesis to avoid accumulation of toxic ammonia under water-restricted condition was tested in Heteropneustes fossilis. A total of hundred fishes were collected and sacrificed. Excretory urea and ammonia were estimated in the w...