The population trapping effect of the F34 level is an important factor limiting power scaling 2.3 μm thulium (Tm) laser on H34→H35 transition. In this Letter, we demonstrate a novel scheme ground state absorption (GSA) (H36→H34) and excited (ESA) (F34→H34) dual-wavelength pumped Tm lasers. Introducing ESA pumping process can accurately excite Tm3+ ions accumulated in to H34 level, constructing ...

Structure of calmodulin in solution was studied by measurements of the far UV CD spectrum. The CD spectrum of Ca?+-saturated calmodulin obtained at pH 7.0 was superimposed on the one at pH 5.6. Therefore, the structure of calmodulin at pH 7.0 may be identical to the crystalline structure determined at pH 5.6.1) The of-helix content of Ca`'+-free calmodulin was 18% lower than that of CaJ+-satura...

Two strains of Bacillus, B. cereus E41 and B. anthracis F34, were isolated from a salt lake in Aïn M'lila-Oum El Bouaghi, eastern Algeria, and Ain Baida-Ouargla, southern Algeria, respectively. Their genomes display genes for the production of several bioactive secondary metabolites, including polyhydroxyalkanoate, iron siderophores, lipopeptides, and bacteriocins.

We study the dynamics linking monetary policy with bank leverage and show that adjustments in leverage act as the linchpin in the monetary transmission mechanism that works through uctuations in risk-taking. Motivated by the evidence, we formulate a model of the “risk-taking channel” of monetary policy in the international context that rests on the feedback loop between increased leverage of gl...

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether foreign bank presence has had a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on the Latin American banking sector. Our results suggest that, while "brick and mortar" operations of foreign banks in Latin American countries contribute to the reduction of the probability of a banking crisis, there is no significant effect of direct foreign lending initiated...

We investigated the ultrastructure of thylakoid membranes that lacked either some or all of their Photosystem II centers in the F34SU3 and F34 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We obtained the following results: (a) There are no particles of the 160-A size class on the EF faces of the thylakoids in the absence of Photosystem II centers (as in F34); the F34SU3 contains 50% of the wild-type n...

Unstacked thylakoid membrane vesicles were obtained from a homogenate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by flotation in a 1.8 M sucrose layer containing 5 mM HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid)-10 mM EDTA (pH 7.5). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the wildtype membranes have a total of at least 33 polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 68...