among various practical measures used for restriction of the ground surface settlement in such tunnels driven in soft ground, selection of an appropriate excavation method plays a significant role. in this paper, employing suggested diagram by yu & chern, corresponding values of niayesh tunnel has been inserted into the diagram. later, two excavation methods namely: central diaphragm and si...

Dimensionless coefficient () in convergence confinement method shows the relaxation of stress in the wall of the tunnel at different excavation movements. This factor is considered a constant number in previous studies and tunnel geometric characteristics (such as depth, cross-section shape, radius, soil material, etc.) are not included in its determination; however, ignoring these effects can...

Among various practical measures used for restriction of the ground surface settlement in such tunnels driven in soft ground, selection of an appropriate excavation method plays a significant role. In this paper, employing suggested diagram by Yu & Chern, corresponding values of Niayesh tunnel has been inserted into the diagram. Later, two excavation methods namely: central diaphragm and side d...

It is known that the presence of Fermi sea modifies scattering an electron from a point-like impurity. This due to Friedel oscillations density around These create additional potential for incident electrons. The closer energy level, stronger scattering. We study this effect case when impurity not but rather hard disk, with radius much bigger than de Broglie wavelength. start careful examinatio...

The proposed upgrades to both the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave observatories will seek to improve detector sensitivity by reducing thermal noise. Based on technologies first implemented at the GEO600 detector, the test mass mirrors will be suspended using fused silica fibres of either circular or rectangular cross section to form monolithic suspensions. In GEO600 cylindrical fused silica f...

The aim of this paper is to present results of testing a full scale reinforced concrete T connection by static loading. The connection represents a beam-column connection. The beam and column had a square cross section with a 300 mm dimension. The height of the column was 2.9 m and the clear beam length was 1.4 m. The connection was initially tested to failure. Galvanised steel straps were used...

An investigation into the total blockage effects on aerodynamic drag in closed-wall wind tunnel testing has been carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The simulation of flow past two different realistic, full-scale, heavy-duty truck models was conducted. The models were placed at different yawing angles in the virtual wind tunnels with blockage ratio of about 10%; which is exactly ...

Extreme uplift associated with the formation of the 2.02 Ga Vredefort dome has exposed a substantial cross section through the crystalline early Archean basement complex rocks of the Kaapvaal craton. The rocks comprise polydeformed high-grade tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses, migmatites and late-tectonic intrusive granitoids that straddle the upper amphibolite-to granulite–faci...

A high resolution36 m~ (FWHM), optically thin emission studyof the Nz c’ lX,,+ (4,3) and (3,2) Rydberg bands excited by electron impact at 100 eV has been completed in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). A model of the perturbed rotational line intensity distribution of the bands shows the effects of electronic state mixing between the c’ lZU+ Rydberg state and the b’ lZU+ valence state. By normaliz...