This paper presents the first quantum computational characterization of the Graph Non-Isomorphism problem (GNI). We show that GNI is in a quantum non-deterministic polynomial-time class, i.e., quantum Merlin-Arthur game class (QMA) or quantum probabilistic NP (BQNP). In other words, given two graphs (G0, G1) ∈ GNI, (G0, G1) has a polynomial-size quantum certificate with which (G0, G1) ∈ GNI can...

MOTIVATION Gene network inference (GNI) algorithms enable the researchers to explore the interactions among the genes and gene products by revealing these interactions. The principal process of the GNI algorithms is to obtain the association scores among genes. Although there are several association estimators used in different applications, there is no commonly accepted estimator as the best o...

OBJECTIVES Following its publication in 2008, the Global Nutritional Index (GNI) which captures the triple burden of malnutrition, has been updated to assess the overall nutritional status and nutritional trends of countries, regions and the world, including both under-nutrition and over-nutrition. METHODS The GNI was modeled on the Human Development Index, using geometric means of three norm...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS: The number of patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) is increasing rapidly on a global scale. We analyzed the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) registry, a global database active in 33 countries spanning a wide range in gross national income (GNI), to identify the impact of economic conditions on CPD practices and o...

BACKGROUND Population is aging rapidly in Europe. Older age life expectancy (OLE) can be influenced by country-level depth of credit information (DCI) as an indicator of financial crisis, gross national income (GNI) per capita, and gender inequality index (GII). These factors are key indicators of socio-ecological inequality. They can be used to develop strategies to reduce country-level health...

INTRODUCTION Most suicide victims have a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. Treatment of psychiatric disorders should reduce the number of suicides. Higher psychiatrist-per--population ratio increases the opportunity for contact between the patient and psychiatrist. It is reasonable to hypothesize that the higher psychiatrist density (PD) is associated with lower suicide rates. The aim of this s...

PURPOSE To estimate the annual loss of productivity from blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment (MSVI) using simple models (analogous to how a rapid assessment model relates to a comprehensive model) based on minimum wage (MW) and gross national income (GNI) per capita (US$, 2011). METHODS Cost of blindness (COB) was calculated for the age group ≥50 years in nine sample countries ...

Glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) play a fundamental role in many brain functions such as propagation of axon potential, integration of neuronal inputs, modulation of synaptic activity and synaptic strength, modulation of glucose metabolism and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as regulation of synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. Glial cell dysfunction is involved in many neuro...

This research paper assesses the impact of ICTs (which includes the Internet, mobile phone, pager, personal computer, and telephone) on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita in developing countries in 2005. It found a significant relationship between GNI per capita (in PPP international dollar) and adoption of each ICT (mobile phone, personal computer, and telephone) but not for Internet techn...