Abstract The epistemological standards of contemporary social sciences refute ‘functional’ and ‘law-like’ explanations, whereas mechanism-based causal explanations have become widely accepted in various fields inquiry. paper supports the hypothesis that authors Vilfredo Pareto Gaetano Mosca, despite their deference to positivist epistemology, significantly anticipated these developments. Indeed...

Elite theory‟s origins lie most clearly in the writings of Gaetano Mosca (18581941), Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), and Robert Michels (1876-1936). Mosca emphasized the ways in which tiny minorities out-organize and outwit large majorities, adding that “political classes” – Mosca‟s term for political elites – usually have “a certain material, intellectual, or even moral superiority” over those th...

Socially, the word"elite" is broadly used to refer to a superior group of peopleregarding skills or privileges and associates with other terms such aspolitical systems, "authorities", "minority favorite".Elites are cautious and opportunistic people. They are in every way and situationregarded as people's favorites. Focusing on concept of “elite” and “elitism”, theauthor in this paper, attempts ...

mosca is an experimental language to extend the Vienna Development Method specii-cation language VDM-SL to be applicable in the area of developing distributed, parallel and real-time systems. As is generally known, plain VDM is not adequate for these application areas since it lacks facilities to specify multiple threads of control and it does not allow the use of time within speciications. mos...