foeniculum vulgare (fennel) has been widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of variousdiseases including pediatric colic. this study was designed to assess the antinociceptive effects of aqueousextract of f. vulgare on visceral pain and possible involvement of opioidergic, serotonergic, adrenergic andhistaminergic systems. the results of this study showed that aqueous extract of f. v...

background and objective: since the advent of mammography screening, ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) of the breast has been diagnosed increasingly. in contrast to the situation in invasive breast carcinoma, there are only a few reports on androgen receptor (ar) status in dcis and few reports on estrogen (er) and progesterone (pr) receptors. materials and methods: ar expression was examined in 5...

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serotonin receptors are involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may mediate other neurotransmitter effects. we investigated serotonin receptors gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of naïve schizophrenic patients, before and after treatment. also serotonin receptor gene expression was compared in two treatment groups including haloperidol and olanzapine. the pbm...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a multifactorial disease (caused by both environmental and genetic features) that could results from a demyelination of the myelin sheath. subsequently, it leads to many scars or lesions in different places within the central nervous system. the symptoms that occur depend on the site and rigorousness of the lesions and this is why people with ms experience different s...

introduction: neurotrophins belong to growth factor family and their function is based on their receptors. they bind two types of receptors: p75 and tyrosine kinase. the motoneuron survival or death depends upon the neurotrophic factors. recent studies have demonstrated that axotomy in peripheral nerve induces apoptosis of motoneuron. deprenyl or selegiline is known as a drug with neuroprotecti...

introduction: neurons in layer ii and iii of the somatosensory cortex in rats show high frequency (33 ± 13 hz) of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mepscs) that their rates and amplitudes are independent of sodium channels. there are some changes in these currents in neurodegenerative and psychological disorders. regarding to well known roles of the neuromodulatory brain systems in th...

background: androgens play critical role in secondary sexual and male gonads differentiations such as spermatogenesis, via androgen receptor. the human androgen receptor (ar) encoding gene contains two regions with three nucleotide polymorphic repeats (cag and ggn) in the first exon. unlike the cag repeats, the ggn has been less studied because of technical difficulties, so the functional role ...

the central cholinergic system has been associated with cognitive function and memory and acetylcholine plays an important role during the early stages of memory consolidation. in this study, after training mice were tested with one way active avoidance procedure and retention were tested at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 hours of training and compared with non-shocked mice, in which it took 24 hours, a s...

conclusions our findings showed that hcv infection could lead to increased expression level of tlr7 mrna in peripheral blood cells of hcv infected samples. the viral load and genotypes of hcv did not affect the mrna expression levels of tlr2 and tlr7. background hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an important human pathogen affecting an estimated 120 – 170 million individuals in the world. toll-like re...