Over half of the total electricity consumption is used in buildings. Air-conditioning and electric lighting are the two main resources of electricity consumption in high rise buildings. One way to reduce electricity consumption would be to limit heat gain into buildings, therefore reduce the demand for air-conditioning during hot summer months especially in hot regions. On the other hand natura...

This study integrates photovoltaic (PV) system, building structure, and heat flow mechanism to propose the notion of ventilated Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) walls. The energy-saving potential of the ventilated BIPV walls was investigated via engineering considerations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results show that the heat removal rate and indoor heat gain ...

No single heat stress index has gained universal acceptance within the past 20 years, despite extensive research. It is currently difficult to directly and quantitatively compare the many rational and empirical indices that are available, which results in confusion and a reluctance to change to a different index. A method is developed using the concept of limiting metabolic rate, which allows v...

The heat transferred through protective clothing under long wave radiation compared to a reference condition without radiant stress was determined in thermal manikin experiments. The influence of clothing insulation and reflectivity, and the interaction with wind and wet underclothing were considered. Garments with different outer materials and colours and additionally an aluminised reflective ...

We report the first empirical data describing the interactive effects of simultaneous changes in irradiance and convection on energy expenditure by live mammals. Whole-animal rates of solar heat gain and convective heat loss were measured for representatives of two ground squirrel species, Spermophilus lateralis and Spermophilus saturatus, that contrast in coloration. Radiative heat gain was qu...

Heliothermy (heat gain by radiation) has been given a prominent role in basking lizards. However, thigmothermy (heat gain by conduction) could be relevant for heating in small lizards. To ascertain the importance of the different heat transmission modes to the thermoregulatory processes, we conducted an experimental study where we analyzed the role of heat transmission modes on heating rates an...

The coats of birds and mammals typically vary through their depth in structure, insulation and optical qualities. Physical models predict that such variation can substantially affect the solar heat load acquired by an animal. This study quantifies the consequences of complex coat structure for solar heat gain in the rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus (Erxleben, 1777)), a species normally ex...

Within the scope of the European research initiative THERMPROTECT numerous thermal manikin experiments were performed on the transfer of heat through personal protective clothing (PPC) under far infrared radiation (FIR) stress. The influence of the reflectivity and insulation of the clothing, the radiated body surface area, and the interaction with convection and wet underwear were considered. ...

effect of probiotic (clostat) levels on the performance and immune response of heat stressed broilers, was evaluated in a completely randomized design on 144 day-old male ross broiler chicks with four treatments and four replicates (nine birds each). experimental diets were consisted in four levels of probiotic (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2). birds were raised under normal condition till 25 days of age...

In commercial buildings in Lahore, artificial cooling systems are needed to attain the required comfort level due to high heat gain inside. Energy efficient window design is the only solution which can limit this cooling demand. This simulated study is carried out in order to obtain a desirable window size (WWR). The study is carried out by the interpretation of graphical data which is generate...