vitamin d is important for the development, growth, and mineralization of the skeletal in neonates and children. vitamin d is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium. vitamin d is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin d and then to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d. pregnant women in developed countries often have insufficient serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d and a supplementation of vitamin...

vitamin a is the generic name given to a group of fat-soluble compounds including retinol (the alcohol form), retinyl esters, retinaldehyde and retinol acid. deficiency, first recognized in 1912, can damage the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. it can also affect immunocompetence, the reproductive function, growth and vision. the dose of vitamin a for neonates is 5,000 iu given int...

The immune response of the neonate is poor and is dependent on passive immunity provided by maternal Ig. However, here we show that exposure of the neonate to environmental antigens induces a germinal center (GC) reaction. In the peripheral blood of premature infants one finds IgG class switched B cells expressing a selected V-gene repertoire. These data suggest that restrictions in the reperto...

We report three young infants including a neonate with fulminant pneumococcal subdural effusion.

Introduction: One of the best and most effective ways to care and prevent adverse effects in premature infants is to actively engage mothers in caring for an infant. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) and neonatal outcomes. Method: This descriptive study was 600 infants and mothers. This study used the convenience sampling method. All mo...

The appropriate determination of adequate tissue perfusion and the best approach to treatment of perceived abnormalities in blood pressure in the neonate remain controversial. There is no consensus regarding the actual definition of hypotension in the neonate or how best to raise perceived low blood pressure. In addition, there is no direct and prospectively collected information available on t...

pulmonary haemorrhage (pH) in a sick neonate is a life-threatening complication and is often associated with a high mortality. it is now often seen in extreme preterm and very low birth weight infants who are growth restricted and have received surfactant with significant respiratory distress syndrome. the mainstay of treatment includes ventilation and vigorous resuscitation of a shocked and cr...

Introduction: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a clinical term used to describe an abnormal neurobehavioral state that consists of decreased level consciousness with abnormalities in neuromotor tone. Any neonate, regardless birth weight, size, or gestational age, who has greater than average chance morbidity mortality, due fetal, maternal placental anomalies otherwise compromised pregnancy es...

1. Describe the possible long-term effects of suboptimal nutrition in preterm infants and critically ill term neonates. 2. Explain why the current standard for postnatal nutrition in preterm infants may not be adequate for postnatal growth. 3. List the the lower limit at which to start intravenous protein delivery in very low-birthweight infants. 4. Characterize the commonly used definition for...

Although supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is usually well tolerated in most infants and older children, it can lead to cardiovascular collapse in some infants. We present one neonate in whom venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) was used to support for life-threatening cardiogenic shock secondary to intractable SVT. ECMO facilitated myocardial recovery and subsequently an...