T-cell growth factor, more recently termed interleukin 2 (IL-2), is the product of activated T lymphocytes and is considered the principal trophic factor for T lymphocytes. The activity of IL-2 preparations is assessed by the degree to which they support the growth of various IL-2-dependent cell lines. We report that murine epidermal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) produce and release a factor...

There have been few studies modelling both flow and heat transfer in fluidised beds. The kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) has been used for flow prediction in the past without heat transfer modelling. In the present study, a two-fluid Eulerian–Eulerian formulation incorporating the KTGF was applied first to a tube-to-bed reactor with one immersed tube and compared with the results in the ...

A reliable description of dense gas–solid two-phase flows of Geldart A particles in gasfluidized beds at life-size scale is of great practical importance in process industries. The classical two-fluid model, based on the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF), provides a very promising theoretical framework for predicting large-scale gas–solid twophase flows. However, thus far the two fluid mo...

The numerical simulation of fully developed gas–solid flow in a horizontal pipe is done using the eulerian-eulerian approach, also known as two fluids modeling as both phases are treated as continuum and inter-penetrating continua. The solid phase stresses are modeled using kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). The computed results for velocity profiles and pressure drop are compared with the...

The objective of this work is to show a procedure for mesh generation in a fluidized bed using large eddy simulations (LES) of a filtered two-fluid model. The experimental data were obtained by [1] in a laboratory fluidized bed. Results show that it is possible to use mesh with less cells as compared to RANS turbulence model with granular kinetic theory flow (KTGF). Also, the numerical results ...

Proppant transport is critical in hydraulic fractures and enhanced geothermal systems. essentially a dense granular flow narrow slots, the Euler–Euler methods are commonly used to study principle of proppant at field scale. However, simulated results cannot reproduce laboratory observations well because some closure equations not suitable for describing quasi-static state proppants after settle...

A Lagrangian-Eulerian methodology is developed for the numerical simulation of a gas-solid reactive flow. The SO2-NOx Adsorption Process (SNAP) is taken as a test case. A three-dimensional time dependent simulation is performed. A notional particle based Monte-Carlo algorithm is used to solve the transported composition Probability Density Function (PDF) equations to determine the gas phase com...

The hydrodynamics and heat transfer of cylindrical gas-solid fluidized beds for polyolefin production was investigated with the two-fluid model (TFM) based on the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). It was found that the fluidized bed becomes more isothermal with increasing superficial gas velocity. This is mainly due to the increase of solids circulation and improvement in gas solid contac...

In this study, the multi-phase Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid method (TFM) coupled with kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) was used to investigate hydrodynamics particle flows (Geldart Group B) in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed. The goal improve bubble behavior inside bed distribution an injected liquid, by increasing bubbles entering spray jet cavity and, thus, reduce formation wet agglom...