By incentive reversal we refer to situations in which an increase of rewards for all agents results in fewer agents exerting effort. We show that externalities among peers may give rise to such intriguing situations even when all agents are fully rational. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition on the organizational technology in order for it to be susceptible to incentive reversal. Th...

I t is commonly held that increasing monetary rewards enhance work effort. This study, however, argues that this will not ineludibly occur in team activities. Incentive Reversal may occur in sequential team productions featuring positive external impacts on agents. This seemingly paradoxical event is explained through two experiments in this article. The first experiment involves a sample ...

An impairment in learning to inhibit prepotent responses to positive stimuli is associated with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in rats, monkeys, and humans performing discrimination reversal, extinction, and detour reaching tasks. In contrast, a recent study showed that OFC-lesioned rhesus monkeys could learn to select the smaller of 2 quantities of food reward in order to receive the...

This special report synthesizes the findings of a Health Care Financing Administration grant which allowed the author to analyze hospital finance in six foreign countries and in the United States. The author identified the principal problems facing hospital owners, carriers, and governments in the United States, and he conducted lengthy field work abroad to learn how each country dealt with the...

Nowadays, the number of smartphone users is growing rapidly. Recent smartphones equipped with several sensors are convenient apps for collecting information in participatory sensing environment. However, contributing sensing data requires time and monetary cost, which hinder many people from participation. To realize active and efficient sensing activities, incentive mechanism is indispensable....

abstract this article aims to provide theoretical model for analyzing challenge of asymmetric information in the third sector of economy (which is the most important challenge, preventing the growth and development of third sector), using the theoretical foundation of contract theory and incentive theory with regard to the special characteristics of third sector derived by its special structure...

The lane reversal has proven to be a useful method to mitigate traffic congestion during rush hour or in case of specific events that affect high traffic volumes. In this work we propose a methodology that is placed within optimization via Simulation, by means of which a multi-objective genetic algorithm and simulations of traffic are used to determine the configuration of ideal lane reversal. ...